tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-80059133070536692592024-03-17T23:04:05.338-04:00MedicowesomeAn awesome blog for medical studentsIkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.comBlogger3150125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-21374093307188257072023-12-14T22:12:00.000-05:002023-12-14T22:12:01.205-05:00Instrumentation QC for nuclear cardiology boards notes<p><b><u>Daily:</u></b></p><p><b>Uniformity tests</b> 3 million counts for small FOV, 5 million counts for large FOV<br /><br /><b>Photopeak</b> (energy peaking)<br /><br /><b>Area survery</b> (at end of each working day) where unsealed radioactive material is prepared for use and administered<br /><br />GM counter (survery meter) to measure contamination <br />- check <b>battery </b>daily<br />- <b>source check</b> (daily) to see if it responds to radiation</p><p>Dose calibrator<br />- <b>background check </b>daily<br />- <b>voltage </b>check<br /><br /><br /><b><u>Weekly:</u></b><br /><br />Planar resolution<br /><br />Linearity (Bar phantom)<br /><br />Sensitivity<br /><br />COR (or monthly)<br /> </p><p><b><u>Quarterly:</u></b><br /><br />Plexiglass Jaszczak phantoms (SPECT contrast, resolution, and uniformity) or annually<br /><br /><br /><b><u>6 months:</u></b></p><p>Leak test at sealed source</p><p>Each licensee who uses a sealed source shall have the source tested for leakage at intervals not to exceed 6 months. <br /><br /></p><p><b><u>Yearly:<br /></u></b><br />Survey meter should be calibrated (to ensure meter responds accurately to radiation)<br /><br />Dose calibrator (accuracy)</p><p><b>Manufacturer recommendation:</b><br />Uniformity correction</p>IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-44591534501531142692023-12-14T19:53:00.005-05:002023-12-14T19:53:30.536-05:00equivalent dose, exposure, activity units mnemonic for nuclear medicine boards<p><a href="https://youtube.com/shorts/-7pQUPw9UkU"> https://youtube.com/shorts/-7pQUPw9UkU</a></p>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-42524787018987103652023-12-14T19:52:00.002-05:002023-12-14T19:52:34.207-05:00Half life of PET radiotracers mnemonic<iframe width="480" height="360" src="https://youtube.com/embed/YuRvN3M31_M?si=sxGh4UAksuJSC479" frameborder="0"></iframe>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-22523082682308280942023-12-14T19:22:00.005-05:002023-12-14T19:23:09.852-05:00Theory of equilibrium mnemonic for nuclear medicine boards<p><a href=" https://www.youtube.com/shorts/QVdlXnw9mXc"> https://www.youtube.com/shorts/QVdlXnw9mXc</a></p><p><br></p><p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibp6tW9sWqcGxf-Ai-mJgkew50M0auH_bKj-yDhCy2u3K_nILANZ_Q_SZw8tpRoLlcgxlf7XUDTlDyw3KT7b96gfd8ytf23pEUAeuu0jcOqVSsiHF57Kbvb_pENzUk1FW--IMdGqxn-hj4mlQfe5JrcpFjuPps0aKLs-PU6a9KqlHR9bb4P97Fus6p" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEibp6tW9sWqcGxf-Ai-mJgkew50M0auH_bKj-yDhCy2u3K_nILANZ_Q_SZw8tpRoLlcgxlf7XUDTlDyw3KT7b96gfd8ytf23pEUAeuu0jcOqVSsiHF57Kbvb_pENzUk1FW--IMdGqxn-hj4mlQfe5JrcpFjuPps0aKLs-PU6a9KqlHR9bb4P97Fus6p" width="400">
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</div><br></p>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-82842425612138772142023-12-14T19:09:00.006-05:002023-12-14T19:10:51.740-05:00Atomic number, mass number mnemonic for chemistry<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div><iframe width="480" height="360" src="https://youtube.com/embed/VG-MBckFZjc?si=KPQy4m5vp-L76Gmp" frameborder="0"></iframe>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-81910610119572889692023-12-14T17:15:00.000-05:002023-12-14T17:15:21.235-05:00Dobutamine dosing for cardiac stress test mnemonic<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXHlOAEBAJieT21ojqn2LqP61tmhfjf21tpTBLsJsuR0AY6vaDC9gs5RQGDgEIQ_gU7D0mT24C3cHL4sE_O-9gkrRVejBSa6eDXLC14Kyz5N8Plcj2QAT8NfftuDd2H1MPCabTiUEItD3uzbQ40yRmvwnaYh0b8eavgX26iEgwBJKd-nlWIkAELZhG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXHlOAEBAJieT21ojqn2LqP61tmhfjf21tpTBLsJsuR0AY6vaDC9gs5RQGDgEIQ_gU7D0mT24C3cHL4sE_O-9gkrRVejBSa6eDXLC14Kyz5N8Plcj2QAT8NfftuDd2H1MPCabTiUEItD3uzbQ40yRmvwnaYh0b8eavgX26iEgwBJKd-nlWIkAELZhG" width="400">
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</div><iframe style="background-image:url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/b6G9I_KCrQU/hqdefault.jpg)" width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/b6G9I_KCrQU?si=PCzeasYEFyBek-dm" frameborder="0"></iframe>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-40851286951582000632023-12-14T16:48:00.004-05:002023-12-14T17:13:12.042-05:00Critical organ for radionuclides used in cardiology mnemonic for nuclear Cardiology boards<iframe frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://youtube.com/embed/mfUCrGopVCs?si=Fs9C8zmVhu5BOd_C" width="480"></iframe><div><br></div><div>For RBCs labelled with Tc 99m critical organ is the spleen.</div><div><br></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhoDvnIf9MWl8mHu7JuiGSKl5Zpwzb1cUof7EIKkcNOK52tX78E9biJ34cmSdpN3RMXsJSCEjb1VLl3Kpc5JIW0Qqb9NYD5Ox45DljSl6a1A7SXOJIBQFQUzxNKESS-DEa1YXxKga4r4mmEmhO7zftWIVIPKZ-DeifkNLW4jZLaEn-dKh5IULjJax5b" width="400">
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</div><br></div>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-62767069876166305792023-12-14T14:18:00.001-05:002023-12-14T14:19:03.343-05:00Radioisotopes in nuclear cardiology produced by cyclotron<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://youtube.com/embed/ClncQaJOmwQ?si=cSSQMmqxbo7vUE2b" width="480"></iframe></div><span></span><a href="https://www.medicowesome.com/2023/12/radioisotopes-in-nuclear-cardiology.html#more"></a>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-21454268139507549622023-12-14T13:58:00.000-05:002023-12-14T13:58:28.416-05:00NRC dose limit for members of the public mnemonic See video here: <a href="https://youtube.com/shorts/T3VLOStIMQc?si=txskgKX4-AtdhiS0">https://youtube.com/shorts/T3VLOStIMQc?si=txskgKX4-AtdhiS0</a><div><br></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJs-CeYEvfeigd1sjIT2yL_wEQJSWhi5_ny60tuyGsT-JEq39UgYmtBSUm8IjbRc9insKNsMkyDBeQByZyRna3DHqiPyDA0_lECUKua5lORIsHOuswjEh8hjPunuTjw5N-Dyq9LLQiaWm7Wq5SJ9e5G8sO1mVEF04yLUOsZ7Gi86j-ogmYgWG2d5ge" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJs-CeYEvfeigd1sjIT2yL_wEQJSWhi5_ny60tuyGsT-JEq39UgYmtBSUm8IjbRc9insKNsMkyDBeQByZyRna3DHqiPyDA0_lECUKua5lORIsHOuswjEh8hjPunuTjw5N-Dyq9LLQiaWm7Wq5SJ9e5G8sO1mVEF04yLUOsZ7Gi86j-ogmYgWG2d5ge" width="400">
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</div><br></div><div><br></div><div>The total effective dose equivalent to individual members of the public from the licensed operation does not exceed 0.1 rem (1 mSv) in a year, exclusive of the dose contributions from background radiation, from any administration the individual has received, from exposure to individuals administered radioactive material and released under § 35.75, from voluntary participation in medical research programs, and from the licensee's disposal of radioactive material into sanitary sewerage in accordance with § 20.2003</div><div><br></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiCY3QOpMrumPO8E9x0W5dRQnc-gHo6j-pdWf1KJ1Ro8Uu1De-tNSLyrzetA-lPcHj1M5fXEJf6vSladfNHxViZgHRC4FqXtRSe1wQ89ZMCbqDzEL8aFyJFtWm7J-9Sr1_qlLjCqQKQoMOdz2bek-Eza9dI7G7KMpiGyr1n_JH61C9MF_n2zgfjNJ10" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiCY3QOpMrumPO8E9x0W5dRQnc-gHo6j-pdWf1KJ1Ro8Uu1De-tNSLyrzetA-lPcHj1M5fXEJf6vSladfNHxViZgHRC4FqXtRSe1wQ89ZMCbqDzEL8aFyJFtWm7J-9Sr1_qlLjCqQKQoMOdz2bek-Eza9dI7G7KMpiGyr1n_JH61C9MF_n2zgfjNJ10" width="400">
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</div>updated mnemonic here <a href="https://youtu.be/MQmgs6-A_7o?si=zk5xCwdoAtjSI1KG">https://youtu.be/MQmgs6-A_7o?si=zk5xCwdoAtjSI1KG</a> </div>IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-79258746577292343912023-12-13T16:30:00.006-05:002023-12-13T16:31:47.665-05:00Cohen's Kappa coefficient mnemonic<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://youtube.com/embed/6vLkoOTZaUY?si=uqlaTO5mgEfZ_0mr" style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/6vLkoOTZaUY/hqdefault.jpg);" width="480"></iframe></div><span></span><a href="https://www.medicowesome.com/2023/12/cohens-kappa-coefficient-mnemonic.html#more"></a>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-48610872009401967352023-12-13T15:04:00.004-05:002023-12-13T15:04:45.317-05:00Periodic table mnemonic and tips for memorization (For Desi audience - Hindi/Urdu speakers)<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/o5lRFSLrFR4?si=3PCSspSujCPnQxcc" style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/o5lRFSLrFR4/hqdefault.jpg);" width="480"></iframe></div>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-75151338764501670202023-12-13T13:08:00.002-05:002023-12-13T13:10:08.108-05:00Butterworth filter mnemonic (impact of critical frequency and order on resolution and noise) <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/nXyOynjuJ60?si=HCNclR558R2bNZqV" style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/nXyOynjuJ60/hqdefault.jpg);" width="480"></iframe></div><span></span><a href="https://www.medicowesome.com/2023/12/butterworth-filter-mnemonic-impact-of.html#more"></a>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-33363554705147503852023-12-13T11:39:00.008-05:002023-12-13T11:39:51.043-05:00Transmission factor practice question<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Assume there is an initial radiation level of 15 R/hr inside a facility. The walls of the facility are constructed with tungsten, having a 30% transmission factor, and fiberglass, with an 80% transmission factor. How much radiation reaches outside the facility?<span></span></span></div><a href="https://www.medicowesome.com/2023/12/transmission-factor-practice-question.html#more"></a>IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-36917012016184027452023-12-12T09:21:00.001-05:002023-12-12T09:21:34.535-05:00Annual radiation dose limit for radiation workers mnemonic See video here: <a href="https://youtube.com/shorts/OgsLHBRZuuI?si=kjLZayyMjmN5hKdj">https://youtube.com/shorts/OgsLHBRZuuI?si=kjLZayyMjmN5hKdj</a><div><br></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzCmM6FnZyCiHME2FmXUbfV7uE20VJdtSYA2Cl9XsNPPBuFD3TEe2sM1t2HWieWEg06dVb4AGettdImLtJZVD9BX-glkNUAv5L2L4fa_b-SSJj-DzBfJOggRJ4BnWIfFKtb29_oX99V2HSdhtMBy4OZHJ3y8U-OgzhbT9NVq5O0DuVvTAv2ABBz_O1" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzCmM6FnZyCiHME2FmXUbfV7uE20VJdtSYA2Cl9XsNPPBuFD3TEe2sM1t2HWieWEg06dVb4AGettdImLtJZVD9BX-glkNUAv5L2L4fa_b-SSJj-DzBfJOggRJ4BnWIfFKtb29_oX99V2HSdhtMBy4OZHJ3y8U-OgzhbT9NVq5O0DuVvTAv2ABBz_O1" width="400">
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</div></div>IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-12661973354024642962023-12-11T22:37:00.003-05:002023-12-11T22:40:13.121-05:00Sievert and Roentgen equivalent man mnemonic 1 Sv = 100 rem<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div><iframe frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://youtube.com/embed/WbsQ4euO84U?si=eHHoAvK6BCNSGnfl" style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/WbsQ4euO84U/hqdefault.jpg);" width="480"></iframe><div><br></div><div><span style="text-align: center;"><a name="more"></a></span><span style="text-align: center;">
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<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhU-M5g7cHqHub74SFzuGXuT0qZKKoRXcDB9wHsWCoVRRHqefsosC9XtGEy8CG9N_h8y1hymMNBbCXJdv3m_T0h8yjlPH2kljj0QVQjvb5uyUuq8vYwvQ25ZzIbp-llfy2YcSrd9dX6yByOVfORToWNW81VNjb6wJ54gm8NGwvtk-3GImKPVcygHOHT" width="400"></a><br><span></span></div><a href="https://www.medicowesome.com/2023/12/sievert-and-roentgen-equivalent-man.html#more"></a>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-26837544482483527152023-12-11T22:20:00.007-05:002023-12-11T22:20:48.959-05:00Applications of indium-111 antimyosin imaging<p><b>Applications of indium-111 antimyosin imaging:</b></p><p>Evaluation of the site, extent and quantitation of the severity of myocardial necrosis.</p><p>Myocarditis</p><p>Uptake after 1 year post-transplant is associated with an increased rejection rate</p><p>Anthracycline treatment - unclear role</p>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-57011769580442030422023-12-11T22:05:00.001-05:002023-12-11T22:07:48.341-05:00Adenosine dose mnemonic for Nuclear Cardiology boards<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/kr90RovmnvQ?si=Rl-sA5tyzmlDTj4m" width="480"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEitwWtv8z1_jtQ9_xiEGTs-gvb7tP78TBdAXP-kzyTpYVY84_yaRUZk2arQPsRbA-BaqcrdNQQrbytFpYlgcx1tS9uFQeyrQRW5O8IVCXFHIY6q2lqUr7UokYGwoL5jWBtHDHyUFocVrG9LS45W0vn0ixrV4PXjhEiKzDF86HKIacqtymqfCqkhAEKH=w374-h640" width="374">
</div><span></span><a href="https://www.medicowesome.com/2023/12/adenosine-dose-mnemonic-for-nuclear.html#more"></a>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-18811655389435674132023-12-11T20:59:00.002-05:002023-12-11T20:59:15.324-05:00Molybdenum breakdown limit for technetium at time of administration mnemonic See video here https://youtube.com/shorts/kCyJ_AYLQcM<div><br></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbYqPV4cYDlIyAT-SQbBhpwKfWKbWHOu35AH9jP4TG36-Z5Uc1AdR8Bg_UcKYbL-aA9z3ajiEq3glakBP1wLKhAYs9HfBcZrmGgVP3ltQYJJhLaPybOe3Tzz75V1WVVg91XDrprIuPAS2buDyuPA5Y0_Znwq0WH3j9jGCq7Jb8UD_7_yTVkp6eNwM-" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbYqPV4cYDlIyAT-SQbBhpwKfWKbWHOu35AH9jP4TG36-Z5Uc1AdR8Bg_UcKYbL-aA9z3ajiEq3glakBP1wLKhAYs9HfBcZrmGgVP3ltQYJJhLaPybOe3Tzz75V1WVVg91XDrprIuPAS2buDyuPA5Y0_Znwq0WH3j9jGCq7Jb8UD_7_yTVkp6eNwM-" width="400">
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</div><br></div>IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-89854999081059847052023-12-11T16:24:00.002-05:002023-12-11T16:33:11.700-05:00Regadenoson mnemonic for Nuclear Cardiology boards<div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div><iframe frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/fKmL_T3rdQo?si=YgjXGDb_LSdOJ-Wg" style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/fKmL_T3rdQo/hqdefault.jpg);" width="480"></iframe></div><span></span><a href="https://www.medicowesome.com/2023/12/regadenoson-mnemonic-for-nuclear.html#more"></a>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-78796042529679560302023-12-11T16:22:00.006-05:002023-12-11T16:33:27.019-05:00Dipyridamole mnemonic for Nuclear Cardiology boards<div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div><iframe frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/eDJG90HsYoc?si=mcWNWb2RzY5Kn4Yr" width="480"></iframe></div><span></span><a href="https://www.medicowesome.com/2023/12/dipyridamole-mnemonic-for-nuclear.html#more"></a>Medicowesome videoshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07588290497795252643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-4204946520989084622023-12-10T19:39:00.000-05:002023-12-10T19:39:00.901-05:00PET crystals<p><a href="https://youtube.com/shorts/KrYSxeF0CqA?si=LdTNJd2aJc4FK0mc">https://youtube.com/shorts/KrYSxeF0CqA?si=LdTNJd2aJc4FK0mc</a></p><p>LSO/LYSO has small decay time</p><p>Allows for improved coincidence timing</p><div><br /></div>IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-11923658115073710842023-12-08T12:19:00.002-05:002023-12-08T12:19:08.226-05:00Linear no-threshold model in radiation safety<p>The most conservative theory of radiation is the "linear no-threshold" (LNT) model. According to this model, there is no safe threshold for exposure to ionizing radiation, and any amount of radiation, no matter how small, has the potential to cause harm. The LNT model assumes a linear relationship between radiation dose and the risk of adverse health effects, extending this linear relationship down to zero dose.</p><p>In other words, the LNT model suggests that the risk of radiation-induced health effects, such as cancer, increases linearly with increasing radiation dose, and there is no level of radiation exposure considered completely without risk.</p>IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-16477393172119522392023-12-08T12:14:00.004-05:002023-12-08T12:14:15.615-05:00Deterministic vs Stochastic effects<p>Deterministic effects (or tissue reactions) of ionizing radiation are related directly to the absorbed radiation dose and the severity of the effect increases as the dose increases. </p><p>Example: Cataracts<br /><br />Mnemonic: DDD Deterministic severity Determined by Dose</p><p>Stochastic effects of ionizing radiation are chance events, with the probability of the effect increasing with dose, but the severity of the effect is independent of the dose received. Stochastic effects are assumed to have no threshold. </p><p>Example: Cancer<br /><br />Mnemonic:<br />Stochastic Severity No<br />Probability So</p>IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-15975072719771046272023-12-08T09:39:00.006-05:002023-12-08T09:39:53.059-05:00Stannous ions in equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography <p>A small amount of stannous chloride (SnCl2) is added to a vial containing a radiopharmaceutical precursor, such as pertechnetate (TcO4^-).</p><p>The stannous ions act as a reducing agent, converting TcO4^- to a reduced form of technetium (Tc-99m).</p><p>The radiotracer, now in the form of Tc-99m, can be easily incorporated into red blood cells or other carriers.</p>IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8005913307053669259.post-67146360390041458112023-12-08T08:44:00.004-05:002023-12-08T08:44:44.612-05:00Technetium gamma decay is an example of isomeric transition<p>Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) undergoes a type of nuclear decay known as an isomeric transition when it emits gamma radiation. Specifically, Tc-99m undergoes an isomeric transition to its more stable state, technetium-99 (Tc-99), through the emission of gamma rays.</p><p>The isomeric transition involves a change in the nuclear energy state of the atom without a change in its chemical properties. In the case of Tc-99m, the metastable state (m) refers to a higher-energy state with a relatively short half-life, and the isomeric transition involves the release of a gamma-ray photon as the nucleus transitions to a lower-energy state.</p><p>The gamma rays emitted during the isomeric transition of Tc-99m are of diagnostic interest in nuclear medicine. Tc-99m is widely used as a radiopharmaceutical in various medical imaging procedures, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The emitted gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create images that provide valuable diagnostic information about the structure and function of organs and tissues in the body.</p>IkaN (Nakeya Dewaswala, M.D.)http://www.blogger.com/profile/03461017124502223040noreply@blogger.com0