http://www.medicowesome.com/2017/03/pathophysiology-of-myopathy-caused.html
x
-Upasana Y. :)
Hello guys! Here are some important facts about Brain Abscess.
Most Common site: Frontal lobe
Sequence of involvement: Frontal lobe > Temporal lobe > Parietal Lobe > Occipital lobe.
Most Common site of Brain Abscess in Tetralogy of Fallot: Parietal Lobe.
Most Common site of Brain Abscess in CSOM: Temporal lobe (Mastoiditis).
Most Common organisms involved are Anaerobic bacteria > Staphylococcus aureus > Streptococcus pyogenes.
Empirical therapy: Vancomycin + Ceftriaxone + Metronidazole for 4 to 8 weeks.
I hope that it's helpful to you.
Thank you!
MD Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)
Hello friends,
Today let's memorise the branches of subclavian artery.
The mnemonic is VITamin 'C ' and 'D'
Here VIT corresponds to branches arising from first part.
'C' from second part.
'D' from third part of subclavian artery.
So from first part:
V - Vertebral
I - Internal thoracic artery
T - Thyrocervical trunk or Thyroscapulocervical trunk( this makes our task easy to memorize branches of this trunk)
Thyroscapulocervical - Gives rise to 3 arteries:
Thyro -- Inferior thyroid artery
Scapulo -- suprascapular artery
Cervical - superficial cervical artery.
From second part:
C - Costocervical trunk which gives rise to superior intercostal artery and deep cervical artery.
From third part:
D - Dorsal scapular artery.
Sometimes, instead of superficial cervical and dorsal scapular arteries arising as 2 separate arteries, there is a single branch which arises from 1 st part of subclavian artery that is Transverse cervical artery.
This artery divides into superficial ascending branch and deep descending branch as shown in the flow chart below.
Thanks for reading and do correct me if there is anything wrong.
Madhuri Reddy (Madhu)
Hello!
Here's a mnemonic to remember the features of Hypervitaminosis A.
The mnemonic is, "H.A.R.D. Puzzle."
H - Hepatosplenomegaly, Hair sparse, Hyperostosis
A - Anemia, Anorexia
R - Really painful bones
D - Dry skin
Puzzle - Pseudotumor cerebri
Thank you.
MD Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)
Here are some high yield points about Necrotizing Enterocolitis.
1. It is the most common life threatening emergency of gastrointestinal tract in neonates.
2. Triad of - Intestinal ischemia, enteral nutrition and bacterial translocation.
3. Distal part of Ileum and proximal segment of colon are most frequently involved.
4. Coagulation necrosis is the characteristic histological finding in the intestinal specimens in Necrotizing Enterocolitis.
5. Pneumatosis intestinalis (air in the bowel) is diagnostic on X-ray.
6. Portal venous gas shadow is a sign of severe Necrotizing Enterocolitis on X-ray.
7. Most important risk factor is Prematurity.
8. Pneumoperitoneum is a sign of advanced NEC with perforation.
These points should help you in quick revision.
Thank you!
MD Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)
Subtypes of lung cancer:-
1. Squamous cell cancer-
Most common variant in India.
Smoking is a risk factor.
Central in location.
Local growth is surgically resectable.
Cavity formation is seen.
2. Adenocarcinoma-
Most common variant of lung cancer overall.
Most common lung cancer among non smokers.
Peripheral in location.
Transbronchial spread i.e. it arises at one lobe and spreads to the another lobe.
3. Small cell carcinoma/Oat cell carcinoma-
Most aggressive variant.
Smoking is a risk factor.
Central in location.
It exhibits micrometastasis.
It has worst prognosis.
4. Large cell carcinoma-
Observed in Non smokers.
Peripheral in location.
This is associated with Estrogen production which manifests as Gynecomastia.
I hope this will help you to distinguish between the various subtypes.
Thank you
-Md Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)
Here are some high yielding MCQ points on arrhythmia
Most common arrhythmia mechanism is re-entry.
Most common sustained arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation.
Most common benign rhythm identified is atrial premature contraction.
Most common arrhythmia in COPD patient is multifocal atrial tachycardia.
Post operative atrial fibrillation is managed with landiolol hydrochloride.
Atrial fibrillation getting converted to ventricular fibrillation is seen with accessory pathway conducting antegradely like Bundle of Kent in WPW syndrome.
VT storm or electrical storm is 3 or more separate episodes of VT within 24 hours.
Most commonly identified arrhythmia in cardiac arrest patient is ventricular fibrillation.
Most common cause of Sudden death in HCM is polymorphic VT/Ventricular fibrillation VF.
Thank you
-Md Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)
Mnemonic to remember the Viral Exanthems of childhood
ME gave ROSE to my BELLA after eating CHICKEN at 5 PM.
ME =MEasles
ROSE= ROSEola
BELLA = ruBELLA
CHICKEN = CHICKEN Pox
5 P= 5th disease (Parvovirus)
Thank you!
-Md Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)
1. Why do we get " Megaloblasts" in Megaloblastic anaemia?
2. Why we get anaemia in Megaloblastic anaemia?
Megaloblastic anaemia is called so due to presence of " Megaloblasts" in bone marrow.
What are " Megaloblasts" They're gigantic, abnormally BIG RBC-precursors seen in bone marrow. WHY do we see them ?
It needs some conceptual understanding.
Normally, RBC-precursors are big cells which divide rapidly as they mature & become progressively smaller as they divide while maturing towards mature-form of RBCs. Now, the problem begins in Megaloblastic anaemia that this cell-division is impaired due to lack of nutrients ( Folate & Vitamin B12). Vit B12 & Folate are critical for normal DNA synthesis & cell maturation. It's also described by a complex -term called " Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Asynchrony".
As DNA-synthesis is impaired, nuclear maturation of RBC-precursors get slowed up & could not match with the pace of cytoplasmic maturity/development. This DEFECTIVE NUCLEAR MATURATION halts cell-division & those big "MEGA" RBC-precursors remain as Big, MEGA, gigantic " Megaloblasts" in bone marrow giving the name as " Megaloblastic anaemia". Moreover, these " Megaloblasts" do NOT mature enough to get released into the peripheral blood & most RBC-precursors undergo " apoptosis " or apoptotic-death in bone marrow ..this causes anaemia in Megaloblastic anaemia.
Hope this helps some of you to understand the basic concepts.
-Md Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)