Monday, December 30, 2013
Sunday, December 29, 2013
Saturday, December 28, 2013
Which cell secretes what? Gastric mucosa histology mnemonics
"pH" for Parietal cells secrete H+ ions.
Parietal cells are also known as oxyntic cells.
"PC" for Pepsin is secreted by Chief cells.
(Chief cells are also known as peptic cells or zymogen cells.)
Alternate mnemonic: I think of master chef making food rich in proteins, peptides being degraded by pepsin and that's how I remember the association that Chief cells secrete Pepsin.
G for G cells & G for Gastrin. (Hah! That was easy!)
S for S cells & S for Secretin! (Medicine is easy!)
Parietal cells are also known as oxyntic cells.
"PC" for Pepsin is secreted by Chief cells.
(Chief cells are also known as peptic cells or zymogen cells.)
Alternate mnemonic: I think of master chef making food rich in proteins, peptides being degraded by pepsin and that's how I remember the association that Chief cells secrete Pepsin.
G for G cells & G for Gastrin. (Hah! That was easy!)
S for S cells & S for Secretin! (Medicine is easy!)
Thursday, December 26, 2013
Cardiac Output and Venous Return curve mnemonic
Let's have some fun! =D
A diagram to brush up your memory..
(And to remind you it's all simple & easy and that you've got this!!)
I used to freak out when I first starting seeing this graph and related multiple choice questions in question banks. It's only in a matter of time that I realized these problems need only three variables to be figured out to choose the right answer!
A diagram to brush up your memory..
(And to remind you it's all simple & easy and that you've got this!!)
Cardiac Output and Venous Return curve simplified |
Wednesday, December 25, 2013
Case scenarios: When you don't give patients 100% O2 and why
Clinical scenario #1: Chronic lung disease patient.
The ventilatory drive of patients with chronic lung disease is primary due to their hypoxemia, rather than CO2 levels. This is because pCO2 receptors are adaptive. Chronically elevated pCO2 makes central receptors unresponsive in COPD patients. Administration of a high O2 mixture to relieve the hypoxemia is contraindicated because this removes the hypoxic drive, leading to severe hypoventilation.
Clinical scenario #2: Drug overdose where central receptors are blocked.
The ventilatory drive of patients with chronic lung disease is primary due to their hypoxemia, rather than CO2 levels. This is because pCO2 receptors are adaptive. Chronically elevated pCO2 makes central receptors unresponsive in COPD patients. Administration of a high O2 mixture to relieve the hypoxemia is contraindicated because this removes the hypoxic drive, leading to severe hypoventilation.
Clinical scenario #2: Drug overdose where central receptors are blocked.
Monday, December 23, 2013
Healthy food: Salads
Hey everyone!
I thought of sharing something that inspired me.. It's about nutrition (Not my regular study post!)
In this age where cardiovascular problems and cancer have been on the rise like never before, it has become essential for us to eat healthy. We need to cut down on bad cholesterol and encourage fiber, nutrient rich, natural, unprocessed food.
Recently, there was a salad making competition held in my mom's school. Children of the second grade helped their mummy's make salads in the school.
Thursday, December 19, 2013
Difference between Iris repositor and IOL dialer
Iris repositor has a straight or bent "blade" with blunt edges.
IOL dialer has a bent "tip".
This diagram should help you -
IOL dialer has a bent "tip".
This diagram should help you -
Sunday, December 15, 2013
Human developmental index and physical quality of life index mnemonic
For Human Developmental Index remember, "Humans LIKe development"
So it takes into consideration: Life expectancy, Income & Knowledge.
Physical Quality of Life Index, "LIL physical quality"
It takes into consideration: Life expectancy, Infant mortality, Literacy.
For remembering the I in both mnemonics, I think that development is linked to money (income).
LIL should remind you of the little one, that is, the kid & hence infant mortality!
So it takes into consideration: Life expectancy, Income & Knowledge.
Physical Quality of Life Index, "LIL physical quality"
It takes into consideration: Life expectancy, Infant mortality, Literacy.
For remembering the I in both mnemonics, I think that development is linked to money (income).
LIL should remind you of the little one, that is, the kid & hence infant mortality!
Friday, December 13, 2013
Mnemonics on nutrition
Hey guys!
These are some mnemonics I made on nutrition which is a part of my Preventive & Social Medicine (also known as Community Medicine).
We'll keep updating this section.
Please, please, please feel free to add your mnemonics as well ^__^
Deficiency of vitamin B1:
Thiamine deficiency causes Ber1 Ber1 (B1).
Deficiency of vitamin B2:
"A2 B2 C2"
A2 - 2 ATPs (FAD and FMN are derived from riboFlavin)
B2 - Vitamin B2
C2 - Cheilosis, Corneal vascularization
Let’s call it ri-two-bo-flavin!
These are some mnemonics I made on nutrition which is a part of my Preventive & Social Medicine (also known as Community Medicine).
We'll keep updating this section.
Please, please, please feel free to add your mnemonics as well ^__^
Deficiency of vitamin B1:
Thiamine deficiency causes Ber1 Ber1 (B1).
Deficiency of vitamin B2:
"A2 B2 C2"
A2 - 2 ATPs (FAD and FMN are derived from riboFlavin)
B2 - Vitamin B2
C2 - Cheilosis, Corneal vascularization
Let’s call it ri-two-bo-flavin!
Wednesday, December 11, 2013
Tuesday, December 10, 2013
Sunday, December 8, 2013
Saturday, December 7, 2013
Innervation of the tongue, palate, pharynx & larynx with mnemonic
We are learning innervation of some muscles today! Yaay!
Glossal means pertaining to or near the tongue.. That's your starting point.
All muscles ending in "glossus" are supplied by hypoglossus
..Except palatoglossus.
Why? Because palate!
All musles of the palate are supplied by the vagus
..Except tensor veli palatani.
Why? Because it's a tensor!
All muscles in the head beginning with "tensor" are supplied by V3.
Pharynx and larynx is easy too.. All you need is a mnemonic!
Wednesday, December 4, 2013
Tuesday, December 3, 2013
Wednesday, November 27, 2013
Sunday, November 24, 2013
Aortic arch derivatives mnemonic images
Aortic arch derivatives |
The mnemonic people use for that is, "First is max" & "Second is Stapedial" =)
Saturday, November 23, 2013
Competitive vs Non-Competitive Inhibitors mnemonic
Competitive vs Non-Competitive Inhibitors mnemonic graph |
Non-kompetitive inhibition: No Km change, but Vmax decreases.
Usually, on the Lineweaver-Burk Plot, Vmax will represent the Efficacy of a drug on the Y axis & Km will represent the Potency on the X axis.
Mnemonic: "Very efficient & competent"
Of course, that Lineweaver-Burk guy was very efficient & competent!
The place where I live, there is a tailor's shop named competitive scissors. That's how I remember that competitive inhibitors cross the vectors at the Y axis in Lineweaver-Burk Plot.
Another way to remember this is, competitive inhibitors cross each other competitively, whereas noncompetitive inhibitors do not.
Another mnemonic to remember the shift to left or right in the simple graph is explained in the Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve mnemonic.
Hope it helps ^_^
-IkaN
Wanna reblog? Here's the link to the tumblr post!
Credits for "Competitive scissors" mnemonic goes to KhalifaUSMLE
Friday, November 22, 2013
Difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugar menmonic
Difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugar menmonic |
In deoxyribose, carbon atom 2 (C2) carries a hydrogen atom instead of a hydroxyl group.
Mnemonic:
"Conversion of RNA 2 DNA involves C2"
"Conversion of RNA to DNA involves the second carbon atom"
Wednesday, November 20, 2013
Tuesday, November 19, 2013
Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides mnemonic
"Pure as gold"
"PURe as AG"
Purine nucleotides are Adenine and Guanine.
"Goooold"
-IkaN
"Cut the pie"
"CUT the PY"
Pyrimidine nucleotides are Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine.
"3.14159265..."
How to remember that it is pyrimidine - pyrimidine dimers and not purine - purine dimers that are formed on exposure to UV light: Pyrimidine is the bigger word. People who have big hearts fall in love with each other.
"It's bigger on the inside."
How to remember that it is pyrimidine - pyrimidine dimers and not purine - purine dimers that are formed on exposure to UV light: Pyrimidine is the bigger word. People who have big hearts fall in love with each other.
"It's bigger on the inside."
-IkaN
Amino acids with electrically charged side chains mnemonic
"He is liar"
"Heis LyAr"
Histidine. Lysine. Arginine.
Updated on 22/11/2013:
Question asked on tumblr:
Basicity: the willingness to donate electrons
Wait, why would they be positive again? Aaaaahhhh
Answer:
Hey don’t get confused between your “basic” concepts! *pun intended*
I was talking about being positive in the physiological pKa.
All amino acids can act as either an acid or a base because they have a carboxyl group than can lose protons and an amino group than can gain protons/donate electrons.
Amino acids that are said to be basic have an extra moiety which will accept electrons (Their side chains contain nitrogen and resemble ammonia, which is a base at neutral pH).
They will have iso electric points at a pH higher than physiological pH and will be positively charged at physiological pH (You need a more alkaline environment to obtain an overall neutral charge because the amino group can hold onto another proton).
In other words, their pKa’s are high enough that they tend to bind protons, gaining a positive charge in the process.
Similarly, amino acids that are said to be acidic have an extra carboxyl group. They will have iso electric points at a pH lower than physiological pH and be negatively charged at physiological pH (You need a more acidic environment to obtain an overall neutral charge because the carboxyl groups can more easily lose a proton).
Saturday, November 16, 2013
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia mnemonic
Hey everyone!
I modified the mnemonic I had for the MEN syndromes to make them work for me =)
Here it goes -
Mnemonic for MEN I: "I pee."
For MEN I, remember the P's.
Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas.
One sounds like, "Won", reminding us that MEN I is also known as Wermer's syndrome.
Mnemonic for MEN IIA: "I am meant to sit in an AC room."
For MEN IIA, remember the C's.
Calcitonin, Calcium, Catecholamines.
I think of "2 ASS" to memorize MEN 2A is also known as Sipple Syndrome.
Mnemonic for MEN IIB:
"Every man wants to be a Pharaoh with a Medium Car on Mars with the New Romans."
Pheocytochroma, Medullary carcinoma, Marfan's syndrome, Neuromas.
I made an illustration for this too xD
I modified the mnemonic I had for the MEN syndromes to make them work for me =)
Here it goes -
Mnemonic for MEN I: "I pee."
For MEN I, remember the P's.
Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas.
One sounds like, "Won", reminding us that MEN I is also known as Wermer's syndrome.
Mnemonic for MEN IIA: "I am meant to sit in an AC room."
For MEN IIA, remember the C's.
Calcitonin, Calcium, Catecholamines.
I think of "2 ASS" to memorize MEN 2A is also known as Sipple Syndrome.
Mnemonic for MEN IIB:
"Every man wants to be a Pharaoh with a Medium Car on Mars with the New Romans."
Pheocytochroma, Medullary carcinoma, Marfan's syndrome, Neuromas.
I made an illustration for this too xD
MEN IIB illustration mnemonic |
Friday, November 15, 2013
Tropia vs Phoria
What is Strabismus?
A condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other.
What is tropia?
A misalignment of the two eyes when a patient is looking with binocular vision and the two eyes are looking at the same object.
What is phoria?
A misalignment of the two eyes that only appears when binocular viewing is broken and the two eyes are no longer looking at the same object.
A condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other.
What is tropia?
A misalignment of the two eyes when a patient is looking with binocular vision and the two eyes are looking at the same object.
What is phoria?
A misalignment of the two eyes that only appears when binocular viewing is broken and the two eyes are no longer looking at the same object.
Thursday, November 14, 2013
Progression of visual field defects in Glaucoma mnemonic
I had to memorize this for med school exams T_T
What is Glaucoma?
What is Glaucoma?
A group of disorders characterized by progressive optic neuropathy resulting in characteristic appearance of optic disc & a specific pattern of irreversible visual field defects that are associated frequently but invariably with raised intraocular pressure (IOP).
(Simply put, optic nerve fibres are damaged in glaucoma making the optic disc look funny & causes vision loss. It may or may not be associated with raised pressure in the eye.)
(Simply put, optic nerve fibres are damaged in glaucoma making the optic disc look funny & causes vision loss. It may or may not be associated with raised pressure in the eye.)
Loss of nerve fibres causes visual field defects & optic disc changes in glaucoma.
This blog post covers visual field defects =)
Mnemonic: IC BB Wings & SAD Steps
Progression of visual field defects in Glaucoma mnemonic |
Friday, November 1, 2013
Intrinsic & extrinsic incubation period
What is incubation period?
The time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease in question. (It is also known as intrinsic incubation period if spoken in reference to a vector borne disease.)
What is extrinsic incubation period?
In reference to vector borne diseases, it is the period of time necessary for the development of disease agent in the arthropod host or invertebrate which transmits infection.
For example: Malaria.
The extrinsic incubation period is the period of time required for the development of the parasite from the gametocyte to sporozoite stage in the body of the mosquito.
It is about 10-28 days depending on the vector species, temperature & humidity.
The time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease in question. (It is also known as intrinsic incubation period if spoken in reference to a vector borne disease.)
What is extrinsic incubation period?
In reference to vector borne diseases, it is the period of time necessary for the development of disease agent in the arthropod host or invertebrate which transmits infection.
For example: Malaria.
The extrinsic incubation period is the period of time required for the development of the parasite from the gametocyte to sporozoite stage in the body of the mosquito.
It is about 10-28 days depending on the vector species, temperature & humidity.
Monday, October 28, 2013
Hashimoto's & Graves' disease mnemonic
In Hashimoto’s disease, there are antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and/or thyroglobulin.
It is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism.
In Graves’ disease, there are antibodies against thyrotropin receptor (TSH receptor) also known as Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSI).
It is the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism.
It is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism.
In Graves’ disease, there are antibodies against thyrotropin receptor (TSH receptor) also known as Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSI).
It is the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism.
Thursday, October 24, 2013
Thursday, October 10, 2013
Miosis & Mydriasis mnemonic
Hi everyone!
Eye see you reading this post.. EYE see you, get it? ;)
We are learning about the eye today, isn't that spectacular? =P
Let's get started, seeriously!
What is miosis?
Constriction of the pupil.
What is mydriasis?
Dilation of the pupil.
Mnemonic:
MyDriasis has a D, D for dilates the pupil.
OR
Mydriasis is a bigger word, so it stands for big pupil (dilated pupil).
Miosis is a smaller word, and therefore is a constricted pupil.
Nerve supply:
Parasympathetic axons innervate the iris sphincter muscle, producing miosis.
Sympathetic nervous system supplies the iris dilator, composed of radially arranged muscle fibers, producing mydriasis.
How do I remember this? @__@
I am really scared of ghosts, they stimulate my sympathetic nervous system (fight, flight or fright response)
Ghosts show up at night, when there is low light.
Pupils dilate in low light, when my sympathetic nervous system kicks in.
Sympathetic nervous system dilates the pupil!
Sympathetic nervous system dilates the eye (Mydriasis) mnemonic |
Hope it helps! ^__^
That's all!
Ghost be like, "I feel you creeping, I can see it from my shadow"
-IkaN
Sunday, October 6, 2013
Sunday, September 29, 2013
Tuesday, September 24, 2013
Monday, September 23, 2013
Tick borne disease mnemonic
Hey everyone!
Common tick borne diseases in the US mnemonic:
TABLES
T - Tularemia
A - Anaplasmosis
B - Babesiosis
L - Lymes disease
E - Ehrlichiosis
S - Spotted (Rocky Mountain Spotted fever)
Another mnemonic is, "Tickle the baby"
I just made a mnemonic for remembering the diseases transmitted by the vector hard tick.
Common tick borne diseases in the US mnemonic:
TABLES
T - Tularemia
A - Anaplasmosis
B - Babesiosis
L - Lymes disease
E - Ehrlichiosis
S - Spotted (Rocky Mountain Spotted fever)
Another mnemonic is, "Tickle the baby"
And "Hard as a rock"
Tick borne diseases mnemonic |
For all those wondering who the masked guy in blue is.. It is "The Tick" from the cartoon series.. The face reminds me what a tick looks like :)
That's all!
-IkaN
PSM flashcards
Hey everyone!
I've also been making PSM flashcards for myself.
For all those who don't know, PSM is Preventive and Social Medicine.
I've also been making PSM flashcards for myself.
For all those who don't know, PSM is Preventive and Social Medicine.
Saturday, September 21, 2013
Wednesday, September 18, 2013
Tuesday, September 17, 2013
Difference between Pemphigus vulgaris & Bullous pemphigoid mnemonic
Hello everyone!
Pemphigus vulgaris & Bullous pemphigoid are autoimmune diseases of the skin.
Here's a strange association I've made in my head to help me remember most of the points about Pemphigus vulgaris.. And then, I remember that the other one is the other one =D
Pemphigus vulgaris & Bullous pemphigoid are autoimmune diseases of the skin.
Here's a strange association I've made in my head to help me remember most of the points about Pemphigus vulgaris.. And then, I remember that the other one is the other one =D
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