●Cogan's syndrome (CS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that most commonly affects young adults. Clinical hallmarks are interstitial k...

The distinction between GPA ( Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis) and MPA (Microscopic Polyangiitis) is important chiefly because of different...

Does a rise in ANCA titers predict a disease flare? — This has been a controversial area in the literature almost since ANCA were first iden...

●The postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is defined as a form of orthostatic intolerance characterized by an excessive increase in heart ra...

●The Brouet classification criteria is the most commonly used system that classifies cryoglobulinemia into three different subgroups based o...

●Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy – At least 80 percent of cases of vision loss in patients with GCA are caused by AION . The ischemic ins...

Imaging — As discussed above, there are characteristic features of periarticular structures (eg, bursitis and tenosynovitis) that can be se...

General approach — There is no pathognomonic test or established diagnostic criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). We use the presence o...

Use Ankylosing spondylitis: Treatment (to reduce signs/symptoms) of active ankylosing spondylitis in adults Crohn disease: Treatment (to r...

Detection of cryoglobulins — To detect cryoglobulin, 10 to 20 mL of blood are drawn into syringes and/or collection tubes that have been pre...

Causes of vision loss — Permanent loss of vision in GCA results from arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), central or branch...

Subnormal values — Extremely low serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations can be seen in patients with fulminant Wilson disease complicated...

The final 1990 ACR FM classification criteria included: ●Symptoms of widespread pain, occurring both above and below the waist and affectin...