Ocular Therapeutics (DYES)

Hello Awesomites! :D

Today I will discuss here

DYES:-

USES OF FLUORESCEIN DYE
-This dye stain damaged corneal epithelium bright green best seen under cobalt blue and ultraviolet light.
1. To detect breach in continuity of corneal epithelium.
2. Contact lens fitting.
3. Applanation tonometer.
4. Test for leaking wound (Seidel test)
5. Patency of nasolacrimal duct.
6. Fluorescein angiography.
7. Diagnosis of lacrimal fistula.
8. Treatment of pediculosis (Fluorescein dye strips, which are used in the diagnosis of corneal abrasions, may be used in combination with white petrolatum. The strips are applied to the eyelashes for 3 nights)
9. Differential stain along with Rose bengal.

Pattern of stain:-
- interpalpebral staining of cornea & conjuctiva is common in aqueous tear deficiency
-superior Conjuctival Staining in superior limbic keratoconjuctivitis
-Inferior corneal &conjuctival staining in blepheritis & exposure keratitis.


USES OF ROSE BENGAL:-
-Stain the devitalized corneal and conjuctival epithelium. The drawback with rose bengal is it stings.
-Seen under white light /red free light. (Red-free light is absorbed by the RPE, creating increased contrast)

1. CORNEA -Staining corneal ulcer,erosion and abrasion.
2. LID- Meibomian gland dysfunction.
3. CONJUCTIVA- Conjuctival staining and evaluation of ocular surface disorder.

I hope it helped.
More is coming up in this section.

-Upasana Y. :)

Nasotracheal intubation

Hello!

This post is about the indications and contraindications of nasotracheal intubation.

Indications:
1) Oral surgery
2) Fracture mandible
3) Inadequate mouth opening
4) Tube to be kept for longer time
5) Awake fibre-optic intubation

Contraindications:
1) Fracture of base of skull (may directly enter inside skull)
2) CSF rhinorrhea (increases infection - meningitis)
3) Nasal mass (do not allow tube to pass)
4) Adenoids
5) Coagulopathy
6) Decreased movement of endotracheal tube
7) Nasal mucosal damage.

Thanks for reading.

Madhuri Reddy

Malignant hyperthermia

Malignant hyperthermia is a syndrome of rapidly rising temperature.

It occurs due to abnormality of Ryanodine receptors which cause release of large amount of calcium from sarcoplasm reticulum leading to sustained muscular contraction.

It is triggered by:
1) Succinylcholine (50%) - most common
2) ether
3) methoxyflurane
4) halothane
5) enflurane
6) isoflurane
7) Desflurane
8) sevoflurane

Clinical features:
1) Masseter muscle spasm - most initial sign
2) Rise in end tidal CO2
3) Tachycardia
4) Respiratory/ metabolic acidosis
5) Hyperkalemia
6) Pulmonary edema
7) Cerebral edema
8) Myoglobinuria
9) Renal failure
10) Rise in temperature - late sign

Treatment:
1) Stop all anesthetic agents (because one of it is a triggering factor).
2) Hyperventilate with 100% O2.
3) Inj.Dantrolene - 2 mg/kg  intravenously every 5 minutes to a maximum dose of 10 mg/kg.
Dantrolene can be continued for next 48 hours.
4) Sodabicarb to correct metabolic acidosis.
5) Cooling of body.
6) Other symptomatic treatment.

To detect malignant hyperthermia:
BEST DIAGNOSTIC TEST -> Halothane Caffeine muscle contraction test.
BEST SCREENING TEST -> Creatinine kinase test.

Thanks for reading.

Madhuri Reddy

Transient Tachypnea of Newborn notes

Hello!

What is Transient Tachypnea of Newborn (TTN)?

Step 3 NBME Form 4 Answer key

Hey, here is the answer key.

Lemme know if I accidentally typed some wrong!

Foreign body aspiration - Flexible or rigid bronchoscopy?

Foreign body aspiration (FBA) - Which bronchoscopy should you do? Flexible or rigid?

#TLDR:
Life threatening - Rigid bronchoscopy
Diagnosis not clear - Flexible bronchoscopy

Children - Rigid bronchoscopy
Adults - Flexible bronchoscopy

Mnemonic: childRen thReatening - Rigid bronchoscopy

So first ask - is this a life threatening FBA? Yes - Rigid bronchoscopy (after airway stabilization of course)

Then ask - Is the diagnosis clear? No - Flexible bronchoscopy

If the diagnosis is clear and the FBA is not life threatening - See the age.

If it is a child - Rigid bronchoscopy
If it is an adult - Flexible bronchoscopy

Here's a looooong copy paste explanation from UpToDate:

Varenicline mnemonic

Hello!

A short post on Varenicline :)

Mirtazapine mnemonic

Hello!

Here's a short post on the atypical antidepressant, Mirtazapine! It's an alpha 2 antagonist that increases release of NE (norepinephrine) and 5-HT (serotonin)

Mirtazapine causes sedation (desirable in depressed patients with insomnia)

Mnemonic: MirtaZZZZapine
Zzz for 😴 sleep

Mirtazapine increases appetite, causes weight gain (desirable in elderly or anorexic patients)

Mnemonic:
M - Mirtazapine makes you motu
(Motu in Hindi / Urdu is fat)

-IkaN

USMLE Step 3 CCS: Fracture of the hip / femur

Hello!
Here are orders for the hypothetical case - let me know if I missed out on something! :)

Tuberculosis: Eponymous pathologies picmonic

Hey guys!!

So TB, huh? As if the complicated diagnostic and treatment modalities aren't enough, we also have to remember some characteristic pathological entities, especially the eponymous ones like Ghon, Rancke, Assmann, Rich, Simond, Simon, Weigert, Puhl, Rasmussen and I am sure there are more. Lucky for us, we have a pimonic for this.

Thank you Subasini for this wonderful illustration! Inspired! :*

Pulmonary Embolism Picmonic

Hey guys!!

Pulmonary embolism is a diagnosis of exclusion. I am sure this illustration will help you to make a diagnosis of PE after you have ruled out the other differentials.

Thank you Subasini for this wonderful illustration! Inspired! :*

Algrove Syndrome Picmonic

Hey guys!

This picture will help you get a visual recollection of Algrove syndrome.

Thank you Subasini for this wonderful illustration! Inspired! :*

Bacterial Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

Hey guys

Here are two pics to help you all to better understand the mechanism of action of bacterial protein sysnthesis inhibitors: antibacterials.

Thank you Jailene for contributing to the blog! :)