Showing posts with label Pediatrics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Pediatrics. Show all posts

Monday, June 22, 2020

Rett syndrome notes

Hello friends!

Today we are going to learn about Rett syndrome

*Frequency : 1 in 15,000.
*90% of the cases are SPORADIC
*5-10% are X-Linked Dominant, so more common in females
(Remember males get only one X chromosome from mother whereas females get X chromosome each from mother and father).

*Mutation in gene : MeCP2.
*Virtually always seen in girls because males usually die in utero or shortly after birth.
*Important finding : Decreased pontine NE and Nigro-striatal Dopamine levels.

Clinical features
*At birth : Normal growth and normal head circumference.
*Normal attainment of milestones till 5-6 months of age, later there will be progressive regression of language (both receptive and expressive) and motor milestones.
*It causes Acquired Microcephaly.
*Hallmark : Repetitive hand writing movements with loss of purposeful movements.
*It can cause 5 As:
Apnea (intermittent)
Ataxia
Autistic behaviour
Arrhythmias
Acquired Microcephaly

*In addition to all of these, cyanosis, GTCS can also be seen.

*Staging :
Stage 1 : Onset stage (6-18 months)
Stage 2 : Rapid destructive (1-4 years) - 
Stage 3 : Plateau phase (2-10 years)
Stage 4 : Late motor phase (decreased motor movts) - Scoliosis can occur.

*Imaging : No pathognomonic finding. However, significant reduction on brain weight upto 60-80% is often seen.

*HPE : Decreased synapses, dendritic length and branching.

*Treatment : Supportive.

Hope it will help :)

Madhuri.









Thursday, April 30, 2020

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

Clinical vignette: Meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes

Hello

Listeria monocytogenes is the 3rd most common organism that causes bacterial meningitis.
Cephalosporins do not cover this gram - positive bacteria under its spectrum. More aptly saying, the cephs do not kill this bacteria. So, especially in high-risk patients such as neonates, elderly, and the immunocompromised, cephalosporins are given in combination with ampicillin, and never alone.

Ceftriaxone is avoided for use in neonates due to its decreased biliary metabolism and sludging.
The choice of ceph in neonates and other high-risk groups in the case of meningitis is cefotaxime.

That's all
- Jaskunwar Singh

Wednesday, April 8, 2020

Club foot: Age-wise Management Flowchart

Club foot is one that resembles a golf club. It is also called Congenital Talipes Equino Varus or CTEV.
Figure 1. Dennis-Brown Splint

Saturday, February 8, 2020

Mnemonic for Galactosemia & Hereditary fructose intolerance

Hi everyone , this is a short video explaining mnemonic for Galactosemia & hereditary fructose intolerance.


Thank you :)
By Drashtant 

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Breast feeding in special cases

Hello Awesomites!

-HIV positive mother
-Active Pulmonary TB
-Working mothers



CONTRAINDICATION OF BREASTFEEDING :

  • HIV, HTLV-1 and 2
  • Inborn error of metabolism LIKE GALACTOSEMIA AND PHENYLKETONURIA
  • Untreated case of tuberculosis
  • Herpes lesion on mothers’ breast
  • Mother on certain medication like anti-cancer drug or radioactive isotope etc.
WITH INCREASED BURDEN OF HIV AND TB,INDIA CAN’T AFFORD TO  CONTRAINDICATE THE BREASTFEEDING.


  1. IS THERE ANY RELATION BETWEEN BREASTFEEDING AND RISK OF TRANSMISSION?
  2. DO ART HAS ANY ROLE TO DECREASE THE TRANSMISSION?


ARV INTERVENTION
RISK OF HIV TRANSMISSION FROM MOTHER TO CHILD
NO ARV                 BREASTFEEDING +
30-45%
NO ARV                 BREASTFEEDING -
20-25%
3ARVS(ART)         BREASTFEEDING +
2%
3ARVS(ART)         BREASTFEEDING -
1%

HOW TO KNOW THE HIV STATUS OF CHILDREN LESS THAN 18 MONTHS?

 
METHOD USED - DNA PCR on a DRIED BLOOD SAMPLES OF INFANT
TEST PERFORMED -

  • 6 WEEKS
  • 6 MONTHS
  • 6 WEEKS AFTER CESSATION OF BREAST FEEDING (if being EBF)
  • 18 MONTHS

PEDIATRIC COMPONENT IN PPTCT


  • DURATION OF NEVIRAPINE PROPHYLAXIS TO HIV EXPOSED INFANT SHOULD BE MINIMUM OF 6 WEEKS.


  • INITIATION OF BREAST FEEDING WITHIN AN HOUR OF DELIVERY AS THE PREFERED OPTION


  • CONTINUE BF ATLEAST FOR 1 YEAR FOR THOSE WITH HIV -VE STATUS  AND 2 YEARS FOR HIV +STATUS OF CHILDREN


  • ENSURE INITIATION OF CO TRIMOXAZOLE PROPHYLACTIC THERAPY AT 6 WEEK OF AGE



MATERNAL COMPONENT IN PPTCT
“ART TO ALL PREGNANT AND BREASTFEEDING WOMEN LIVING WITH HIV “

TARGET POPULATION
ART REGIMEN
PREGNANT AND BREAST FEEDING WOMEN WITH HIV 
BUT NOT ON ART
TDF+3TC+EFV
PREGNANT WOMEN AND BREAST FEEDING WOMEN WITH HIV AND RECIEVING ART
THE SAME ART REGIMEN MUST BE CONTINUED 
  
AFASS
 

AFASS CRIETRIA is used to decide whether a HIV positive mother can breast feed or not provided that she has not started top feed yet.
(Why? Once the mother started to top feed the child, this criteria is not used. HIV positive mother in such case should continue top feed. Because mixed kind of feed is more dangerous than top feed alone)

  • Acceptable: The mother perceives no problem in replacement feeding.
  • Feasible: The mother (or family) has adequate time, knowledge, skills, resources and support to correctly mix formula or milk and feed the infant up to 12 times in 24 hours.
  • Affordable: The mother and family, with community or health system support if necessary, can pay the cost of replacement feeding without harming the health or nutrition status of the family.
  • Sustainable: Availability of a continuous supply of all ingredients needed for safe replacement feeding for up to one year of age or longer.
  • Safe: Replacement foods are correctly and hygienically prepared and stored, and fed preferably by cup.


QUESTIONS

  1. Where do you get your drinking water?
  2.  What kind of latrine/toilet do you have?
  3.  How much money could you afford for formula each month?
    Ps: calculate the amount based on the local costs
     
  4. Do you have a refrigerator with reliable power?
     
  5. Can you prepare each feed with boiled water and clean utensils?
     
  6. How would you arrange night feeds?
     
  7. Does your family know that you are HIV positive?
     
  8. Is your family supportive of milk feeding and are they willing to help

MANAGEMENT OF BABY BORN TO MOTHER WITH TUBERCULOSIS:-


  • Continue exclusive breastfeeding till 6 months of age & thereafter as in normal population.
  • Start ATT for mother immediately. Mother will be non infective within 2 months of regular ATT


  • Preventive Chemotherapy for baby (INH 5 mg/kg/day for 6 months)


  • Use face mask while around the baby, till 2 months after starting ATT.


  • BCG Vaccine at birth.Something is better than Nothing!


  • Re- immunized with BCG after stopping Preventive Chemotherapy. 
  • (Remember, it's not only mother, Anybody (with TB) around can infect the baby with Tuberculosis!)

Is ATT drug concentration in breast milk sufficient for the baby? NO

NAME OF THE GROUP
BREAST FEEDING
BARRIER METHOD
ISOLATION
BCG VACCINATION
IAP
TO CONTINUE
COUGH HYGIENE
1.IF MOTHER ON TREATMENT -NOT REQUIRED


2.IF MOTHER HOSPITALIZED, NON-ADHERENT TO THERAPY,MDR-TB - ISOLATION REQUIRED
AT BIRTH 
OR 


EVEN WITH INH PROPHYLAXIS
DOTS
ONLY IF MOTHER IS SPUTUM NEGATIVE
FACE MASK
IF MOTHER HAS ACTIVE DISEASE,NON-COMPLIANT AND HAS RECIEVED ATT PRIOR TO DDELIVERY 
POSTPONED
OR DONE
WITH INH RESISTANT OF BCG VACCINE 
AAP
ONLY IF MOTHER IS ON ATT
FACE MASK
MDR -TB AND NON COMPLIANT
GIVE BCG IN THESE MDR TB MOTHER
WHO
TO CONTINUE
FACE MASK
MDR -TB
INH THERAPY COMPLETED THEN AFTER 2 WEEK  OF COMPLETION BCG VACCINE GIVEN 
 THE DOUBT OF WORKING MOTHERS :-

For How long can expressed breast milk is stored? 


AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 
8-10 HOURS
IN A REFRIGERATOR
24 HOURS
IN A DEEP FREEZER (-20 degree)
3 MONTHS

HAPPY STUDYING ! 
-UPASANA Y.

Sunday, August 4, 2019

Tetralogy of Fallot: The Basics

Hey guys, this post highlights the important points discussed in the accompanying video.


Friday, July 19, 2019

Authors diary: Are you ready for solo practice?

"Are you ready for solo practice?"

My father read out the topic from a WhatsApp forward he had received.

I was drinking tea, with all the absent-mindedness of a resident who barely has the luxury to sit down and have said cup of tea.

I stared at my father aghast, wondering where this daunting question sprung from, till he elaborated that it was the topic of an essay competition.

As I read through the message myself I corrected him, "That’s not what it says! It's asking whether you're adequately trained for solo practice in the future."

"Your future is just a couple of years away. Will you be ready by then?" he asked.

"I don’t know about ready, but I’m sure I’ll be adequately trained," I answered.

He nodded and after a beat, leaned in and asked,
"But have you really thought about it yet?" ((And what makes you so sure? Have you really thought about it yet?))

That got me thinking indeed.

As a year old paediatrician, the most important lesson I learnt was how much there was to learn. My days were spent working with any time off work spent catching up on missed sleep. I felt like I whizzed through my first year, barely retaining any of the knowledge I was expected to glean as an intern. Being a houseman had felt like operating at spinal level, for the lack of there being a synaptic level
any lower than that. Perhaps I wasn't ready at all.

My face seemed to betray my thoughts as my father interrupted them. "Instead of lamenting over what you haven’t learnt," he asked kindly, as if reading my thoughts, "Why don’t you try and think about how much you have?"

Convinced that I had learnt nothing of value anyway, I decided to humour him nevertheless. I spoke about  my housemanship month by month, about what each sick child and each hopeful parent had taught me. A resident doctor in a busy municipal hospital barely gets time for their own basic life needs like food, sleep, or even a bath (and needless to say, sleep always takes priority!). Most of what we learn is on the go. Nobody gets enough time to go back and read about the cases we've seen in the ward. Thankfully the vast number of cases and immense workload ensures that we at least know how to manage basic ailments that a child presents with.
However amidst putting orders, histories, and ensuring investigations for so many patients, we forget to learn about the little things - how to allay a parent's concerns about their child, how important the so called 'cosmetic' part of our practice is. Of course, all these concerns are still things that can be worked on if one can put their heart into it.
And yet, are we being adequately trained to do this for future solo practice? The answer, shockingly, is a resounding no.

Add to this, we're barely trained to make decisions by ourselves, especially when there are so many seniors waiting to teach us, guide us, and by extension, take responsibility for our actions. How is one supposed to adjust to suddenly being so independent?

In a tertiary care setting, we are used to sending out references left, right, and centre. We fail to learn the basics of anything that would result in us putting even one toe out of our own speciality and instead rely on the services of others, who are just a single written call away. It's very obvious that this is not going to be the case when one starts practising by oneself.

Another important thing that nobody teaches you in residency is how to ask for remuneration for our services. Being employees of the state or the corporation, we are used to working endlessly for a fixed salary being ddeposited in our accounts each month. As a result, we fail to realise our worth in monetary terms, there being a certain amount of guilt with each patient we charge. Maybe this is something we realise only after getting into private practice, where taking care of every patient is translated into putting food on our own plate. At this stage in life, while I hope I wouldn't underestimate and thus undercharge for my abilities, I really don't know what that would be like be like.

So, coming back to the question that started it all - no, I am not adequately trained for future solo practice. And no, I am not ready for it either. But two years down the line, I have hope for the former statement. And as for the latter? Well, I believe that at least that "I'm not ready." will transform into" I'm not ready...yet. But I'm willing to stick around till the day I am."

Written by Aditi

Friday, March 8, 2019

Useful Pediatrics mobile apps


Technology is a crucial part of our life nowadays. Below are some apps that can make a pediatric student/resident/specialist life easier :D


1- Uptodate

The famous app for the well-known website “ Uptodate” where you can get peer-reviewed data for nearly any subject you may think of. It also has a section for adult and pediatric medication dosing which can be helpful. Another nice section is the patient education section that is really helpful to explain complex medical things to parents in layman terms.
  
Keep in mind that you ll need an account which may be provided to your through your residency program, a friend or you yourself paying for Uptodate.

2- Medscape

The app for the amazing peer-reviewed website Medscape. Just create an account and search for any disease you like (epidemiology, incidence, clinical presentation, treatment, prognosis..etc).

3- Medstudy and Medstudy audio apps

The apps for the Medstudy book series. Listen to a medstudy chapter on your way somewhere or revise some pages through your app. These apps require an active Medstudy subscription

4- PCO / Pediatric Care Online 

A nice app by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Through this app, you get access to “Red Book”, one of the most famous books/sources for Infectious diseases and their treatments, “Bright futures” which is helpful to hone your skills in your continuity clinic among many other things.
  
To get access completely, you need an AAP account which will be provided by your residency program. 

5- Heartpedia

A great app from Cincinnati Children’s Hospital. Through this app, you can have a 3D visual construction of the most common congenital heart anomalies (ASD, VSD, PDA, COA..etc). Choose the angle you like, zoom in or out. The app also has links to youtube videos explaining the defect. This app is particularly very helpful if you are trying to explain a congenital heart defect for a parent and for further clarification to a student.   

6- CDC Vaccine Schedules (Vaccinations, catchup, contraindication)

Vaccines are a vital part of any Well Child Check visit. This app from the CDC has all the tables for Pediatrics and Adult vaccines including the catch-up schedule as well as the contraindications for these vaccines.

An amazing website to help with this is : https://www.vacscheduler.org/
Just enter the age of the patient, the vaccines that he/she got and the website will tell you what the patient needs

7- Bilicalc

For nursery folks, you should have Bilicalc on your smart-phones, it is the best app to know the lightable levels (LL) for babies. Just enter the baby’s hours of life as well as the bili result and wait for the app to tell you the LL for low, medium and high risk curves.

It does the same job that www.bilitool.org does.

 8- eBooks by inkling

This app acts like a “template” through which you can read different books. A must-to-have book is Harriet-Lane (every Pediatrician should have this book :D). To access it, use the code that is located on the first page of the book’s hardcopy. It is given by most residency programs to the residents. If not, you should consider buying it for sure.
  
9- MDcalc

Scoring systems in medicine are endless. This is the best app that can be your savior. Are you looking for: Westley’s croup scoring? Pediatric Asthma scoring? Calculating maintenance fluids for a child? Well, you just hit the jackpot.
 
10- GoodRx

Help your patients find coupons so they can buy the medications they need at a lower price.
  
11- Google keep

Although not medical but this app is wonderful to take notes and to create lists. Write all your lists in one place and use different colors. Synchronize all your notes/lists with any other device: tablet, laptop..etc. Organize your life, a much 
  
12- Anki

Another non medical app, Anki is a wonderful flashcards app. It acts like a template that you can create flashcards with or use already pre-made shared cards. Add your notes to any deck you like, synchronize between your devices and have your info with you everywhere. 


 Comment below if you have any apps or websites that may be helpful for pediatricians or anyone who is interested in Pediatrics :)


-Murad




Monday, September 3, 2018

Apgar score in preterm infants

Hello Awesomites!

APGAR score-
This score tells you about the well being by evaluating cardiac,respiratory and nervous system of a newborn.

APGAR score of a preterm infants is always low. Because certain criteria in  APGAR are not met by preterm babies.

In preterm babies respiratory efforts,muscle tone,colour is variable.So your score will come less.

It is something that interests me.
May be in future new components will be added to use this score in evaluation of preterm infants.

-Upasana Y. :)

Tuesday, May 15, 2018

AFASS criteria

Hello Awesomites ! :D

AFASS CRIETRIA is used to decide whether a HIV positive mother can breast feed or not provided that she has not started top feed yet.
(Why? Once the mother started to top feed the child, this criteria is not used. HIV positive mother in such case should continue top feed. Because mixed kind of feed is more dangerous than top feed alone)

Acceptable: The mother perceives no problem in replacement feeding. Potential problems may be cultural, social, or due to fear of stigma and discrimination.

Feasible: The mother (or family) has adequate time, knowledge, skills, resources and support to correctly mix formula or milk and feed the infant up to 12 times in 24 hours.

Affordable: The mother and family, with community or health system support if necessary, can pay the cost of replacement feeding without harming the health or nutrition status of the family.

Sustainable: Availability of a continuous supply of all ingredients needed for safe replacement feeding for up to one year of age or longer.

Safe: Replacement foods are correctly and hygienically prepared and stored, and fed preferably by cup.

Source: http://motherchildnutrition.org/info/afass-principles.html (Click to know what all questions are asked)

-Upasana Y.:)

Monday, April 30, 2018

Conjunctival xerosis mnemonics

Conjunctival Xerosis

Hello everyone today let's discuss the causes and treatment of conjunctival xerosis.

So basically there are two types of conjunctival xerosis.
a. Epithelial xerosis
b. Parenchymatous xerosis

Epithelial xerosis.
The most common example is Xerophthalmia i.e. Vitamin A deficiency.

Let us discuss Xerophthalmia.

The cause of vitamin A deficiency is mostly its dietary deficiency or defective absorption.

The new WHO classification of Xerophthalmia

XN:   Night Blindness
X1A: conjunctival xerosis
X1B: bitots spots
X2:   corneal xerosis
X3A: keratomalacia <1/3rd of cornea
X3B: keratomalacia >1/3rd of cornea   
XS: corneal scar
XF: fundal changes – known as Uyemura spots, these are defects in the Retinal
Pigment Epithelium.

Treatment:
It consists of local ocular therapy with artificial tears along with vitamin A therapy.
Schedule for vitamin A is as follows :

>1 year of age – 1lakh IU i.m. given on 0 1 14 days
                                OR
 2lakh IU orally given on 0 1 14 days

<1 year of age – half the dose.

This has to be carried along with treatment of underlying causes like malnutrition or other disorders like diarrhoea dehydration.

Other causes of night blindness:
1. High myopia
2. Late stage of angle closure glaucoma
3. Oguchi syndrome
4. Gyrate atrophy of choroid
5. Retinitis pigmentosa

Parenchymatous Xerosis
It mainly involves the adenoid layer of the conjunctiva.
It can take place due two main reasons     holla! We have a mnemonic here
1. Due to cicatrizing disorders  (cicatrizing disorders turn conjunctiva reasonably shrivelled)
2. Due to over exposure to atmosphere ( marked exposure causes parenchymatous xerosis)

Cicatrizing disorders
1. Cicatricial phemphigoid
2. Diptheric membranous conjunctivitis
3. Trachoma
4. Chemical burns
5. Radiotherapy
6. Stevens-johnson syndrome


Overexposure to atmosphere
1. Marked proptosis
2. Ectropion
3. Coma (lack of blinking)
4. Palsy of cranial nerve 7 (facial palsy)

That’s all for now,
Stay Awesome!
Keep calm and keep studying!

- Ashish G. Gokhale

Wednesday, April 4, 2018

Neonatal Resuscitation Protocol

Here is a short (may be not very short) but concise flowchart on the neonatal resuscitation protocol by the American Academy of Pediatrics.




If I have forgotten to add any point, let me know.

Written by our Medicowesome Student Guest Author,
Devi Bavishi

Saturday, February 17, 2018

Kallman syndrome mnemonic

Kallman Syndrome (also known as Olfactogenital dysplasia/syndrome or anosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)

Let's​ get down with the mnemonics!

'Kallman' kinda rhymes with 'Tallman', right? Well, "man" for it's more common in boys and Tall these individuals are of normal or even increased height (Tall).

The other features are:

K - kinda looks like an X so it's X-linked
K also sounds like C for Colorblindness
A - anosmia
L - lip (cleft lip and cleft palate)
N - nerve deafness
A - ataxia (cerebellar ataxia)
M - midline defects (cleft palate, cleft lip)

Other important points are:
- The defect is in the KAL gene which codes for the protein anosmin.
- It can be due to autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance.

That's all!

Stay awesome 

This post is written by Nikhil as part of the MSGAI.

Monday, January 22, 2018

Interesting physical exam finding in Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Hello everyone!

Here's a cool fact that someone I absolutely adore shared with me: The Pediatricians call Henoch-Schonlein purpura as, “Butt-itis” because the rash frequently coalesces on the pressure points and is gravity dependent, in other words, on the buttock!

Thursday, January 11, 2018

Henoch Schonlein purpura

HSP is also known as Anaphylactoid purpura.

• Most common vasculitis in children.
• Most common Leucocytoplastic vasculitis.
  It predominantly affects small vessels (venules, capillaries, arterioles).
  It is usually self limited but may progress to end stage renal disease.
 
Clinical features:
1) Skin: rash, palpable purpura (non-thrombocytopenic purpura).
2) Joints: arthritis, arthalgia.
3) Kidneys: glomerulonephritis (proteinuria, hematuria).
  ° Severe renal failure occurs in about 1-2%, characterized by crescenteric glomerulonephritis which is treated with intravenous methyl prednisolone.
4) GIT : colicky abdominal pain.

   On investigation: total Ig A increases.
Renal biopsy: mesangial Ig A deposits.

Treatment: conservative treatment
    Oral prednisolone may be given.

Thanks for reading.

Madhuri Reddy.