Monday, May 27, 2019

Sites of Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis site in lung depends upon the etiological factors

Upper lobe bronchiectasis:

Mnemonic: Upper - PCT
Upper- Upper lobe
P- Post radiation
C- Cystic fibrosis
T- Tuberculosis

Middle lobe bronchiectasis:

Mnemonic: MMC (Like BMC!)
M- Middle lobe
M- Mycobacterium avium
C- Ciliary dyskinesia

Lower lobe bronchiectasis:

Mnemonic: Left-ICA (Internal carotid artery)
Left- Lower lobe
I- Interstitial lung disease
CA- Chronic aspiration

That's all.
Thank you :)

-Demotional bloke

Saturday, May 18, 2019

History, physiology and medical aspects of fasting

Hello everyone,

My senior resident at JFK Medical Center did a presentation on fasting. I thought of sharing it with you (especially since it is Ramazan/Ramadan).

Thursday, May 16, 2019

Hook effect of prolactin in large pituitary adenomas

Hello everyone,

Here's something I learnt today when a case of large pituitary adenoma causing visual field loss was presented today.

But let's talk about my favorite subject first - Immunology!

The intensity of an antigen-antibody interaction depends primarily on the relative proportion of the antigen and the antibody. A relative excess of either will impair adequate immune complex formation. This is called the “high-dose hook effect” or the “prozone phenomenon.”

This is important consideration whe measuring prolactin. Extremely high levels of prolactin can interfere with the assay and produce falsely low readings.

This high-dose hook effect occurs because there is not enough antibody to bind to both ends of all antigenic peptides, in this case, prolactin.

Most prolactin is complexed to a single antibody. Only few remaining prolactin peptides are “sandwiched” and therefore detectable.

This results in a falsely low prolactin value.

Hence, as the antigen concentrations increase, there is a proportional increase in assay titers up to a certain level. Antigen concentrations above this threshold level would “hook” down the assay values resulting in very low measurements.

In order to avoid the high-dose hook effect, the serum prolactin should be estimated in appropriate dilution in all patients with large pituitary tumors.

-IkaN (tired Internal Medicine Resident)

Source:
The 'hook effect' on serum prolactin estimation in a patient with macroprolactinoma. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/11303248/

Monday, May 13, 2019

Protein gap

The gamma gap aka paraprotein gap or protein gap is the difference between total serum proteins and albumin measured from a comprehensive metabolic panel.

Albumin accounts for the majority of total serum protein.

Viral infections, plasma cell malignancies, or autoimmune conditions there is an excess of immunoglobulins, raising the total amount of serum protein independent of albumin.

The gamma gap is typically considered to be elevated if it is above 4 g/dL.

In the right clinical context, gamma gap should be worked up with SPEP, UPEP, and a serum free light chain assay.

Random exercise: Calculate the protein gap.
Total protein 8.9 g/dL (normal 6.4-8.3 g/dL)
Albumin is 3.6 g/dL (normal 3.4-4.8 g/dL)

That's all!

-IkaN

Work up of thyroid nodule

Hello,

Here is the shorter version of this post: Investigating thyroid nodule for Step 2 CK (link: https://www.medicowesome.com/2016/06/step-2-ck-investigating-thyroid-nodule.html)

So - if you find a thyroid nodule on physical examination - what do you do next?

Caudal anaesthesia

Hello Awesomites!

Caudal anesthesia is a type of epidural anesthesia. 

INDICATIONS
The indications for single shot CA are abdominal,urologic or orthopedic surgical procedures located in the sub-umbilical abdominal, pelvic and genital areas, or the lower limbs, where postoperative pain does not require prolonged strong analgesia. Examples include inguinal or umbilical herniorrhaphy, orchidopexy, hypospadias and club foot surgery.

Anatomical landmarks (Figure)
The sacrum is roughly the shape of an equilateral triangle,with its base identified by feeling the two
posterosuperior iliac processes and a caudal summit corresponding to the sacral hiatus.The sacral hiatus is located at the caudal end of the median crest and is created by failure of the S5 laminae
to fuse (Figure). The hiatus is surrounded by the sacral cornu.

Preparation
Obtain consent for the procedure either from the patient or, if appropriate, from the parents. After induction of general anaesthesia and airway control, the patient is positioned laterally (or ventrally),
with their hips flexed to 90°. Skin disinfection should be performed carefully, because of the proximity to the anus.
After defining the bony landmarks of the sacral triangle, the two sacral cornuae are identified by moving your fingertips from side to side.The gluteal cleft is not a reliable mark of the midline. The puncture is performed between the two sacral cornuae. The needle is oriented 60° in relation to back plane, 90° to skin surface. The needle bevel is oriented ventrally, or parallel to the fibers of the sacro-coccygeal ligament.
After verifying absence of spontaneous reflux of blood or cerebrospinal fluid (more sensitive than an aspiration test), injection of LA should be possible be without resistance. Inject slowly (over about one minute).




-Upasana Y. :) 

Sunday, May 12, 2019

HbA1c and Estimated Average Glucose


Hello Awesomites!

Sounds new. Wait till the end!

Do You know what is HBA1c?

HbA1c is produced by the condensation of Glucose with N-terminal valine of each beta chain of HbA.

Diagnostic importance
The rate of synthesis of HBA1c is proportional to exposure of RBC to glucose. Concentration of HBA1c is indication of blood glucose concentration.
It reflect mean blood Glucose level over 2-3 months prior to its measurement.If HbA1c is <7% then diabetes is in good control. To get an accurate result the concentration should be monitored for several months.

Estimated average glucose (eAG) :- It is new term in diabetic management.It helps to interpret HbA1c levels into average glucose concentration.
eAG(mg/dl) =(28.7×HbA1c) - 46.7

Drawback
The A1c doesn’t replace self blood-glucose monitoring. Because the A1c is an average of all your blood sugars, it does not tell you your blood sugar patterns. If someone has certain type of hemoglobin mutations (variation in the hemoglobin structure) (HbA1c is falsely low) , is severely anemic (low red blood cell count), iron deficient( HbA1c is falsely high) or is being treated blood transfusions or medications to increase the production of new red blood cells, the A1c test may not be accurate.

Thank you.
Upasana Y. :)

Monday, May 6, 2019

Diabetic Retinopathy

Here is Upasanas video on Diabetic Retinopathy.



I edited the slides so you can see better :)

Slides are available for download here:

PARTNER 3 trial journal club

Hey everyone!

A few months ago, I did a journal club on the PARTNER 3 trial.

I have been meaning to create an audio file and upload the whole journal club as a video on YouTube but unfortunately, I don't seem to have the time.

This is why, I decided to go ahead and release my slides instead so it helps anyone who is doing a journal club on the same :)

Sunday, May 5, 2019

Oblique muscle mnemonic

It can be hard to remember which oblique does what. Remember this. 'Extortion' as we all know is forcing money out of someone. People from the 'inferior' strata of the society extort money. See where am I  going?!

So! Inferior oblique causes extorsion( 'extortion' is a bit different- c'mon, be a grammar Nazi!)
What remains? Superior oblique. So..it then is responsible for intorsion.

Similar is the case for superior and inferior recti.

Hope I saved you from ophthalm extorting your precious time.

-Sushrut