Hepatitic LFT enzymes and Cholestatic LFT enzymes illustration

ALT_ Alanine aminotransferase

AST_ Aspartate aminotransferase 

ALP_ Alkaline phosphatase 

GGT_ Gamma glutamyl transferase

 

Shreya HA

Colonoscopy screening intervals and management of polyps for ABIM boards

Here is the video

-IkaN

Colonoscopy screening intervals and management of polyps notes

Celiac Disease (Spectrum of Manifestations)

 Hello friends! I hope all of you are doing well. Today I wanted to share with you the many faces of Celiac Disease. Although considered as the disease which chiefly causes gastrointestinal symptoms, the entire spectrum of possible manifestations it can cause is quite broad.

Some significant associations are as follows:

1.) GI- Enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL), Microscopic colitis

2.) Liver- NASH

3.) Spleen- Functional Asplenia (SLE & Amyloidosis being other notable causes)

4.) CNS- Seizures with posterior cerebral calcification, Neuro-psychiatric symptoms, Ataxia

5.) Hematology- Evans syndrome

6.) Pulmonary- Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage

Here is the full spectrum. Hope you like it.

-Kirtan Patolia

Rigler's triad mnemonic

 Hi!

Rigler's triad in gall stone ileus mnemonic:

GALL in GIT

Auto-brewery Syndrome

 I heard about auto-brewery syndrome today!

It is a condition in which ethanol is produced through endogenous fermentation by fungi or bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Mnemonic for Caustic Esophageal injury

Hi everyone! 

Here is a short mnemonic! 

ACidic Substance = Coagulation Necrosis ( Protein denaturation) - 

results in Eschar - prevents further acid penetration & thereby severe injury.

ALakaline Substance = Liquefactive Necrosis (Cell membrane dissolution) - deeper penetration results in more severe injuries. 

1st step = Serial CXR & abdominal x-ray to identify perforation

If no perforation or respiratory distress then Upper GI endoscopy within 24 hours to assess severity for esophageal damage. 

Thank you! 

The three O's of GI bleeding : Overt, obscure, and occult

GI bleeding can be classified into three O's: Overt, obscure, and occult! Can you define these terms?

If not, I'll help you out

Emoticon game: Acute Liver Failure answers

If you haven't tried the emoticon game, check it out here: https://www.medicowesome.com/2020/12/emoticon-game-causes-of-acute-liver.html

The answers are posted below.

Emoticon game: Causes of Acute Liver Failure

 

It's a Carny Problem

 Carney's Triad - ENCHONDROMA + PARAADRENAL GANGLIOMA + GIST

Carney's Syndrome - multiple benign tumors, mainly of heart and skin

Carney Stratakis Syndrome - Pediatric GIST (Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor)

Two components of Sulfasalazine : Indications

Hello

Sulfasalazine has two components:
- 5-ASA
- Sulfapyridine (SP)

Bugs causing bloody diarrhoea - mnemonic

Hello

Bugs that cause bloody diarrhoea : HE Is ClASSY

enteroHEmorragic E coli
enteroInvasive E coli

Campylobacter
EntAmoeba histolytica
Salmonella (non-typh)
Shigella
Y enterocolitica


Hope that helps
- Jaskunwar Singh

Acute Liver Failure in a nutshell.

Acute Liver Failure is defined as the acute onset of severe liver injury with encephalopathy and ↓ synthetic function (INR ≥ 1.5 ) in a patient without  cirrhosis or underlying known liver disease.

Acute Liver Failure.

Mnemonic for Ranson criteria, BISAP & HAPS score for Acute Pancreatitis

Acute diarrhea

Congestive hepatopathy

Short post!

In congestive heart failure, the elevated pressure is transmitted from the right heart chambers (right ventricle and atrium) to the hepatic veins and sinusoids leading to intrahepatic edema, decreased perfusion and oxygen diffusion as well as hemorrhagic injury and modification on the hepatocyte architecture and atrophy with associated collagen deposition, and fibrosis to the hepatic veins and sinusoids.

Hepatorenal Syndrome: An Overview

Hello good folks! Let's discuss HepatoRenal Syndrome (HRS) in brief.

Cirrhosis + Ascites + Renal Failure = HRS, after excluding other causes of kidney damage.

How common is HRS?
1 in 10 patients of advanced cirrhosis or acute liver failure develop HRS.

How does HRS happen?
Abnormal haemodynamics, that's how. Pathogen, faulty immune system and mesenteric angiogenesis result in splanchnic and systemic vasodilation but renal vasoconstriction. Other factors maybe contributory.

Types and management
Type 1: Rapidly progressive, median survival about 2 weeks. Haemodialysis may be required.

Type 2: Slowly progressive, median survival about 6 months. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) maybe required.

Liver and/or kidney transplant maybe considered for both types.



Thanks for reading.
- Ashish Singh.

Features suggesting severe upper GI bleeding

Hi!

Features suggesting severe UGI bleeding:

Fact of the day - BUC in UGI bleed

Hi!

Blood urea levels are positively associated with upper GI bleed. But here's the fact: