Showing posts with label Biochemistry. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Biochemistry. Show all posts

Saturday, May 29, 2021

The Happy face

 Hi everyone!

Lets talk about a 2 year old girl with a h/o seizure disorder who presents to your clinic for the first time for routine care. Past medical records shows that the patient is on anti-seizure medication since the last year. There is no family history of seizures. Parents report poor feeding and sleep disturbances. The girl appears to be very happy, laughing all the time for no reason. On examination, her head circumference is in the 10th percentile and is noted to have hand flapping behavior. She has not met the expected milestones for her age. What is the diagnosis?

???

ANGELMAN SYNDROME 























Fun fact: Angelman Syndrome was previously known as "Happy Puppet Syndrome"😄


- Padma Sri Katikaneni

Tuesday, May 18, 2021

Megalencephaly mnemonic

Hello friends! 

Here's is the simple mnemonic to remember the important causes of Megalencephaly.
CATS
Canavan's disease
Alexander disease
Tay- Sachs disease
Sandoff disease.

That's all!
Dr.Madhuri Reddy

Wednesday, May 12, 2021

Kartagener syndrome mnemonic

 Hi!

Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dysfunction, aka immotile cilia syndrome) mnemonic :-

Friday, May 7, 2021

Simvastatin combination with fibrates in clinical practice

 Hi!

High-yield in clinical practice:

DO NOT combine simvastatin with gemfibrozil (class-X interaction; high risk of acute liver damage and rhabdomyolysis). Inhibition of CYP450 enzyme by gemfibrozil plays the role in increasing levels of simvastatin 2-3x.

Combination of simvastatin with fenofibrate is relatively safer, although close observation and regular monitoring is required (class-C interaction). Serum levels of simvastatin remain unchanged.


- Jaskunwar Singh

Monday, April 26, 2021

Menkes disease and Wilson's disease - DDx

 Hi!

Okay so maybe they are the two of the options for a patient's clinical scenario question and you have a blurred memory for which is which in context to copper metabolism?

Let's clear the basic facts here...

Monday, March 22, 2021

Cystinuria VS Cystinosis - know the difference!

 Hi!


Cystinuria is an AR disorder that is characterized by defective absorption of cysteine and other di-basic amino acids from PCT and intestinal lumen.


Cystinosis, on the other hand, is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by accumulation of amino acid cystine.


Note :

Cysteine + Cysteine = Cystine.


Fact :

Cystinosis is one of the most common cause of Fanconi's syndrome in pediatric age group.


Also, check hexagonal crystals seen in


That's all

- Jaskunwar Singh

Friday, October 9, 2020

Mechanism of action of lipid-lowering drugs

Hey everyone! 

I wanted to talk about the new lipid-lowering drug, bempedoic acid. But first, let’s just quickly go through the mechanism of action of the existing lipid-lowering drugs:

Statin reduces cholesterol synthesis by HMG-CoA Reductase inhibition.

Ezetimibe inhibits cholesterol absorption from the intestine.

Friday, September 11, 2020

SLC gene Mutations and related Disease

Hello Awesomites!

Enjoy this crisp post on SLC gene mutations.

SLC= Solute carrier

SLC39A4 

Acrodermatitis enteropathica 

SLC26A4 

Pendred 

SLC6A9 

Hartnup disease 

SLC5A2 

Renal glucosuria


FYI-Diseases associated with SLC6A4 include Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

For further information read this article SLC transporters as therapeutic targets.

 -Upasana Y.

Friday, August 14, 2020

Answer: 17-year-old male presents with confusion and drowsiness

A 17-year-old male presents with confusion and drowsiness for 1 day. 

He has been healthy and playing in the high school basketball team for the last 2 years. His practice sessions always included 10 minutes of intense work followed by a period of rest or decreased activity. He also had complaints of dark urine which the previous doctor diagnosed as dehydration and was asked to drink more water. 

He recently started a football club and has been playing football in addition to basketball. He has had oliguria for 4 days. Vitals are BP 124/86 mm of Hg, HR 85 b/min. Pupils are non dilated and reactive to light equally bilaterally. The remainder of the physical examination is within normal limits. Lab work shows:

Question: 17-year-old male presents with confusion and drowsiness

A 17-year-old male presents with confusion and drowsiness for 1 day. 

He has been healthy and playing in the high school basketball team for the last 2 years. His practice sessions always included 10 minutes of intense work followed by a period of rest or decreased activity. He also had complaints of dark urine which the previous doctor diagnosed as dehydration and was asked to drink more water. 

He recently started a football club and has been playing football in addition to basketball. He has had oliguria for 4 days. Vitals are BP 124/86 mm of Hg, HR 85 b/min. Pupils are non dilated and reactive to light equally bilaterally. The remainder of the physical examination is within normal limits. Lab work shows:

Wednesday, June 17, 2020

Topics to read before PG entrance exams!

Hello Awesomites!

The aim is to help the students who want to give upcoming NEET PG Exam and are clueless about how to plan and prepare ?
I know my friend struggling day in and out for life in Covid wards. Exams doesn't matter now.
When they will have time in hand I want to help them out with plan beforehand. They are already brilliant enough to have been through all the challenges. :)

I know you can't predict what is important for this or next exams. Atleast with time in hand you can glance through some topics that contribute 70% of any exam. I am sharing the list 1st year subject I made during my preparation.

1.ANATOMY
  • Embryology 
  1. Pharyngeal arches
  2. Neural crest derivatives
  3. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis
  4. Notochord and remnants 
  5. Extraembryonic mesoderm
  6. Diaphragm 
  7. Cardiovascular system ( Abnormal subclavian artery)
  8. Urogenital system 
  • Histology 
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Urinary bladder epithelium
  4. Cell junctions
  5. Collagen types
  6. cartilage
  7. Tonsil,Lymph nodes, spleen,thymus
  8. Stomach glands
  9. Skin with sebaceous glands
  10. Connective tissue types
  11. Retina 
  12. Salivary gland
  • NEUROLOGY
  1. Fornix 
  2. Corpus callosum
  3. Cranial nerves and its lesion
  4. Brainstem syndromes (lateral medullary )
  5. Foramen of skull
  6. Facial nerve and trigeminal nerve
  7. blood brain barrier
  8. Functional area and functional columns
  9. Parasympathetic ganglion 
  10. Phrenic nerve and vagus
  • GROSS
  1.  Compartments of lower limb with nerve and blood supply
  2. Blood supply of thyroid,oesophagus,ureter,Anal canal 
  3. Waldeyer ring
  4. External carotid artery
  5. Circle of willis
  6. Muscle of eye
  7. Brachial plexus (Sensory and motor supply of upper limb)
  8. Perineum
  9. Cruciate ligaments
  10. Vocal cords
  11. Mediastinum
  12. IVC tributaries
  13. Cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure 
  14. Splanchanic plexus
2. BIOCHEMISTRY
  • Inborn error of metabolism (Types,Enzyme deficient,hallmark feature,Investigation of choice and treatment)
  • Rate limiting step 
  • Carbohydrate metabolism (Glycolysis,Glycogen storage disease,Glucogenesis,glycogenolysis,PFK-1)
  • Lipid metabolism ( Hyperlipoproteinemia and hypolipoproteinemia)
  • Vitamin (Coenzyme)
  • Electron transport chain inhibitor
  • Heme metabolism and Porphyria
  • Ketone body formation 
  • Urea cycle disorder
  • Competitive, non competitive and allosteric inhibitors
  • Mitochondrial disorders 
  • Amino acid disorder
  • Lead poisoning
  • Translation process 
3.PHYSIOLOGY
  • Receptors
  • Neurotransmitter and functions
  • Second messenger
  • Reflexes
  • Baroreceptors and chemorecptors
  • JVP 
  • ECG And EEG
  • Spirometry
  • RAAS 
  • Counter current exchanger and multiplier
  • Factors affecting compliance of lung 
  • Action potential
  • Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
  • Channels and types 
  • GIT hormones 
  • Tracts and lesions(brown sequerd syndrome)
  • LH,FSH,GH and insulin glucagon
 Following are the list of 2nd year topics.

1.FORENSIC MEDICINE
  • Ballistics (Bullet ranges)
  • Identification (female male, blood sample)
  • Recent amendments in acts (POCSO act, MTP Act)
  • Application of IPC,CrPC sections
  • Postmortem changes
  • Dentition And Xray of wrist elbow and pelvis to determine age
  • Injuries -fracture of skull, RTA, Bruise
  • Toxicology- Plant based image, Preservation of viscera, Snakes,Arsenic, OP poisoning,Mercury,cadmium,Cardiac poison
  • Consent
  • Grievous hurt and murder vs culpable homicide
  • Seminal stains
  • Dowry death and Rape
  • Battered baby syndrome
  • Plant Toxicology (castor,abrus,strychnine,Dhatura,Aconite,Oleander,Calotropis,Opium,Cannabis)
2. PATHOLOGY-
  • Breast cancer, Lung cancer and Ovarian and testicular cancer
  • CD markers
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Vasculitis
  • Endocarditis And MI
  • Types of hypersensitivity reaction
  • Platelet and coagulation disorder(ITP,TTP,hemophilias,vWD)
  • Stains And vacutainers
  • Transfusion reaction 
  • Graft rejction
  • Crohns vs Ulcerative colitis
  • Necrosis, apoptosis and its variant
  • Mode of inheritance
  • Leukemia and lymphoma prognostic markers
  • Renal histology and gross
  • Liver histology and gross
  • CNS tumors 
3.PHARMACOLOGY
  • Antimicrobial Drug of choice and mechanism of action 
  • Classification - aminoglycoside , MRSA And drugs for cystic fibrosis
  • Hypolipidemic Agents 
  • Asthma ( New drugs and guidelines)
  • Arthritis (RA and gout)
  • General pharmacology ( Pharmacokinetics,clinical trial,Pharmacodynamics)
  • Concentration dependent kinetics and time dependent kinetics and post antibiotic effect
  • Anti TB drugs
  • Anti viral and anti HIV (anti hep B and C)
  • Anti fungal
  • CVS- MI ,HF, angina managment
  • Endocrine- DM,Osteoporosis,SERM,SERD,Gnrh agonist
  • GIT-Constipation (opioid induced,IBS related) ,Diarrhea,peptic ulcer
  • CNS-Anti epileptic, Sedative,lithium toxicity,neurodegenerative disorder, side effect 
  • ANS- Emergency medicines,anaphylaxis, receptors ,poisoning 
  • Chemotherapy-Anticancer,monoclonal antibody,small molecules,kinase inhibitors
  • Prostaglandins 
  • Insulin 
4.MICROBIOLOGY-
  • Sterilisation and disinfection (Indicator)
  • Immunology (Antibody,complement deficiency,Primary immunodeficiency)
  • Latest outbreaks (Zika,Congohemorrhagic fever,Ebola,Corona)
  • Sexually transmitted infections
  • Vectors
  • Parasitology -Eggs
  • Congenital infections-Toxoplasmosis,congenital syphillis,rubella,herpes,varicella
  • HPV infection,HHV-8
  • Bioterrorism
  • Larva migrans,larva currens (cutaneous and visceral)
  • CD4 counts and Opportunistic infection
  •  HIV and TB
  • Food poisoning
  • Atypical bacteria treatment and infection 
  • Dimorphic fungi
  • Actinomycosis,Botryomycosis and eumycetoma
  • Meningitis
  • Exanthematous disease
  • Neisseria,diphtheria,Listeria,bacillus anthrax,legionella,campylobacter jejuni
  • Bacterial virulence factors,growth factors
  • Rickettsial disease, spirochetes(weils ds) 
  • Drug resistance mechanism

Following is the list of 3rd year topics.

1.COMMUNITY MEDICINE-
  • Surveillance programs
  • Sensitivity, specificity,PPV and NPV (Screening of disease)
  • Types of studies 
  • Odds ratio and relative risk ratio
  • Bias
  • Sampling 
  • Biostatistics- central tendency  (Box and whisker plot )
  •  Level of prevention 
  • Vaccine and types (Toxoid and live attenuated)
  • Demography and family planning
  • Biomedical waste
  • Health programmes ( RNTCP, HIV)
  • Communication
  • Nutrition and related programmes
  • Disaster
  • Null hypothesis,P value and alpha value
  • Confidence limit 
2.OPHTHALMOLOGY-
  •  Refractive errors (Astigmatism)
  • Surgery and post op complication(Glaucoma,cataract,squint)
  • Conjuctivitis
  • Corneal ulcer (Bacterial,fungal and herpetic) (Stains)
  • ROP and systemic retinopathy (Hypertensive and diabetic retinopathy)
  • Retinitis pigmentosa and syndromes
  • Retinal detachment and cause
  • Retinoblastoma
  •  Strabismus
  • Optic neuritis
  • Visual field defect 
  • Blow out fracture and trauma to eye
  • Glaucoma and drugs(Contraindication and indication)
  • Managment of ptosis
  • Light reflex and accomodation reflex and pupil
  • 3,4,6 Cranial nerve
  •  OCT ,Fluorescein angiograhy,tonometers,charts,
  • Sudden loss of vision and gradual loss of vision differentials
3. ENT-
  • Appearance of tympanic membrane in various disease
  • Surgery (Tonsillectomy,Adenoidectomy,Mastoidectomy)
  • Paranasal sinus
  • CSF rhinorrhea
  • Laryngeal disease (Papilloma,vocal cord paralysis, laryngeal muscles action, laryngeal cancers)
  • Tracheostomy
  • Abscess 
  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  • Juvenile angiofibroma
  • Test of hearing and vertigo
  • Otosclerosis
  • Cochlear implants
  • Oral cavity cancers 
  • cervical Lymph node  and neck dissections
 Following is the list of Final year topics.

 1.OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGY-

  • Pre-eclampsia (Definitions)
  • HELLP
  • PPH (prophylaxis and treatment)
  • Perineal tear (Types and managment)
  • Diabetes and anomalies scan 
  • Shoulder dystocia maneuvers
  • Molar pregnancy (High risk and low risk for GTN)
  • Ectopic (Diagnosis, Investigation and managment)
  • Abortions 
  • Recurrent pregnancy loss (Investigations and causes)
  • Cervical incompetence
  • MTP
  • Diagnosis and physiological changes of pregnancy 
  •  Abruptio vs placenta previa vs Vasa previa
  • Heart disease
  • MgSO4 and drug
  • Fetal monitoring -NST,BPP,doppler
  • Twins and complications
  • Labor-stages,partogram
  • Placenta types and associated pathology
  • Rh incompatibility
  • Amenorrhea (primary and secondary)
  • Mullerian anomalies (Class)
  • Asherman, AIS,Gonadectomy indication
  • Puberty and precocious puberty
  • Menopause (Hormone replacement therapy guidelines) 
  • Postmenopausal bleeding and premature ovarian failure (Levels of FSH)
  • Semen analysis (Evaluation and IUI and TESE)
  • PCOS -Diagnosis,drugs
  • Endometriosis
  • Cervical,vulval,ovarian,endometrial cancer,Fibroid
  • Krukenberg
  • PID
  • Prolapse 
  • Emergency contaceptives
  • IUD
  • Absolute contraindications in whole subject
  • Female sterilisation  
2.PEDIATRICS-
  • Developmental milestones
  • Neonatal reflexes
  • Neonatal resuscitation
  • Jaudice,sepsis,Hyaline membrane disease
  • Congenital infections-TORCH
  • Vaccines(IAP and NIS)
  • Diarrhea,pneumonia,dehydration managment
  • Pediatric epilepsy
  • Febrile seizure (Risk factors,recurrent risk,prohylaxis)
  • Severe acute malnutrition
  • Rickets
  • meningitis
  • Neuro-Cerebral palsy and neurocutaneous syndrome
  • Pediatric vasculitis-HSP and Kawasaki Disease
  •  Nephrotic syndrome
  • Congenital heart disease( VSD,TOF,TGA and ductus dependent CHD)
  • Trisomies
  • Hypoxic Ischemic encephalopathy VS Periventricular leukomalacia
  • Fluid managment including shock managment in children
  • Childhood pneumonia, Epiglottitis, Acute laryngotracheobronchitis
  • Microcephaly and macrocephaly 
  • Hydrocephalus and Neural tube defect  
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome,warfarin syndrome
3. ANESTHESIA-
  • IV anesthetic agents (Propofol)
  • Day care surgery (Drug of choice)
  • Venous air embolism
  • Local anesthetic (Remember concentration also)
  • Vaporisers color 
  • Inhalational agents 
  • Monitoring (Capnography)
  • Color coding of cylinder
  • Circuits
  • Mallampati and ASA grading
  • Premedication duration of stoppage and continuation
  • Muscle relaxant
  • Airway devices
  • Endotracheal tube (formula)
  • Epidural vs spinal anesthesia (Level of blocks)
  • Modes of ventilation
 4.DERMATOLOGY-
  •  Pigmentation Diseases 
  1. Hyperpigmentation
  2. Nevus (Nevus of ota/mongolian spot/CMN/AMN)
  3. Melasma
  4. Acanthosis nigricans
  5. Becker nevus
  6. Hypopigmentation -PKDL/Pityriasis versicolor/alba/Hansens
  7. Depigmentation-Vitiligo/Contact leukoderma
  • Signs (Auspitz,nikolsky,bulla spread sign)
  • Histopathology of psoriasis and lichen planus
  • Mast cell disorder-Urticaria pigmentosa image
  • Papulosquamous disease - Psoriasis ,lichen planus
  • Treatment of Psoriasis
  • STD (Syphillis,chancroid,donovanosis,Herpes genitalis,syndromic approach)
  • Microbiology of STD organism( Dark ground,school of fish,Tzanck smear,Donovan body,Gonococcus)
  • Drug Reaction -Fixed drug eruption, erythema multiforme,SJS/TEN
  •  Blistering disease 
  1. Pemphigus(clinical treatment)
  2. Bullos pemphigoid
  3. dermatitis herpetiformis
  4. Histopathology of blister level and Direct immunofluorescence image
  • Infections
  1. Fungal (Tinea /pityriasis versicolor)
  2. Hansens 
  3. TB
  4. Viral (HPV/HHV/Molluscum contagiosum)
  • Hair disease-Alopecia images,DLE,trichotillomania
  • Acne,Rosacea
  • cutaneous markers of internal malignancy
5.RADIOLOGY-
  • Emergency radiology-RTA,splenic injury,FAST,Perforation
  • Radiological anatomy especially applied aspect
  • CNS tumor
  • Bone tumor
  • BIRADS
  • TIRADS
  • Radiation physics and acute radiation syndrome
  • Radiotherapy basics
  • Contrast in various studies
  • USG and doppler
  • Doppler waveforms
6.ORTHOPEDICS-
  • Knee joint (Everything)
  • Shoulder dislocation
  • Bone (Oncology+radiological picture)
  • Pediatric Hip(Rdaiology +managment)
  • Infections(TB,Osteomyelitis)
  • CTEV
  • AVN
  • Tennis elbow and dequeverian
  • Eponyms and test
  • Blood supply of femur
  • Pseudoarthrosis
  • Genu varum/valgus,cubitus varus/valgus
  • malunion 
  • Instruments
7.SURGERY-
  • Glasgow coma scale (Changes)
  • Burn
  • Cannula color coding 
  • Triage
  • Trauma
  • Incisions,suture,foleys,NG tube,Knots,Scores
  • Latest updates in breast cancer,thyroid and hepatobiliary cancers,Pancreatic cancer,stomach,colorectal cancer
  • Bed sores staging 
  •  Renal stones managment
  • Gall stone managment and surgical complication
  • Bariatric surgery
  • Acute pancreatitis managment 
  • Upper GI and lower GI bleed management and causes
  • Aortic aneurysm
  • Meckel diverticulum
  • Wound classification
  • Cancer-(Breast,rectum,stomach,oesophagus,HCC,prostate,thyroid)
  • Cancer follow up duration 
  • Carcinoid and GIST and gastrinoma
 8.MEDICINE-
  •  ECG visuals
  • Cardiac emergencies-Arrest,Unstable angina,MI,Arrhythmia,Dissection
  • Respiratory emergency-Pulmonary embolism,pneumothorax,Asthma 
  • Stroke
  • Meningitis (Bacterial,viral,aseptic)
  • Approach to patient in Coma
  • Seizure
  • Electrolyte imbalance
  • ABG
  • Hypertension and its emergency and management
  • Murmurs and valvular lesions
  • Pericardial d/o
  • hepatitis(Viral,autoimmune)
  • Non alcoholic and alcoholic liver disease
  • Glomerular disease
  • UTI
  • CKD
  • DM (management of different complications)
  • Neurodegenerative d/o ,neuropathy,myopathy
  • Septic shock guidelines
  • GBS
  • Poisoning 
  • New asthma guidelines
  • RTA and Inherited channelopathies
  • MEN syndrome
  • SIADH, DI,Pheochromocytoma
  • AIDS defining illness
  • Connective tissue disorder
  • Infective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease
  • Prakinson and alzheimers
  • IBS,UC ,Crohns
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Jones and dukes criteria
  • dyslipidemia management 
10.PSYCHIATRY-
  • General psychiatry (terms and its meaning )
  • MMSE
  • Psychotic disorders
  1. Schizophrenia
  2. Delusional d/o- Named syndromes (Capgras,Fregoli,Othello,Ekbom)
  • Mood disorder (Treatment is very important)
  1. Mania
  2. Depression
  3. Bipolar
  • Neurotic disorder 
  1. Anxiety disorder
  2. OCD related disorder
  3. Dissociative disorder
  4. Trauma and stress related disorder
  5. Somatoform disorder
  • Substance abuse and deaddiction
  • Organic mental disorder(dementia)
  • Sleep disorder
  • Eating disorder
  • Sexual disorder
  • Personality types and disorder
  • Drugs (SSRI and its sideeffect)
  • Psychotherapy types and choice
  • Defence mechanism  
You can edit this according to you. 
Hope it will help.
-Upasana Y.

Thursday, April 30, 2020

Friday, April 3, 2020

COVID-19: Coronavirus and hemoglobin

Hello Awesomites!

Please refer to the diagrams for better understanding.

Why do we have abnormal hemoglobin-related biochemical indices in COVID-19 patients?
Reports demonstrate that the hemoglobin and neutrophil counts decrease in most patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and values of serum ferritin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase increase significantly.

What makes hemoglobin an attractive molecule for the coronavirus?
Porphyrins!

Porphyrins in the human body are mostly iron porphyrins i.e heme. And a lot of heme is not free, but bound to hemoglobin. Viruses require porphyrins to survive. Therefore, the novel coronavirus targets hemoglobin, attacks heme, and hunts porphyrins.


Structure of SARS-CoV-2



Image by Upasana Yadav

The possible mechanism is that orf1ab bound to the alpha chain and attacks the beta chain, causing conformational changes in the alpha and beta chains; ORF3 attacks the beta chain and exposes heme. ORF10 then quickly attaches to the beta chain and directly impacts the iron atoms on the heme of the beta chain. The heme is dissociated into porphyrin, and orf1ab finally captures porphyrin. Orf1ab plays a vital role throughout the attack. Attack of oxidized hemoglobin by viral proteins leads to less and less hemoglobin that can carry oxygen. The invasion of viral proteins on deoxidized hemoglobin will cause less and less hemoglobin that can carry carbon dioxide.

This study found that ORF8 and surface glycoprotein had a function to combine with porphyrin to form a complex, while orf1ab, ORF10, ORF3a coordinately attack the heme on the 1-beta chain of hemoglobin to dissociate the iron to form the porphyrin. This mechanism of the virus inhibited the normal metabolic pathway of heme, and made people show symptoms of the disease.

What causes the high infectivity of the novel coronavirus?
Medical workers have detected the novel coronavirus from urine, saliva, feces, and blood. The virus can also live in body fluids. In such media, porphyrin is a prevalent substance. At the beginning of life, virus molecules with porphyrins directly move into the original membrane structure by porphyrin permeability. This study showed that the E2 glycoprotein and Envelope protein of the novel coronavirus could bind well to porphyrins. Therefore, the coronavirus may also directly penetrate the human cell membrane through porphyrin. (Means If the virus can bind with porphyrins, it can enter these secretory cells without ACE2 receptors by using the membrane permeability)

What is the importance of knowing the above information?
The drugs based on this mechanism: Chloroquine and Favipiravir.

The primary function of the Envelope protein is to help the virus enter host cells. The primary role of Favipiravir is to prevent the virus from entering host cells and catching free porphyrins. Favipiravir's ability to improve respiratory distress is lower. Favipiravir can only prevent the binding of Envelope protein and porphyrin.

Chloroquine could prevent orf1ab, ORF3a, and ORF10 from attacking the heme to form the porphyrin and inhibit the binding of ORF8 and surface glycoproteins to porphyrins to a certain extent, effectively relieve the symptoms of respiratory distress.

The infectivity of the nCoV pneumonia was not completely prevented by the drugs, because the binding of E2 glycoprotein and porphyrin was not inhibited.

Note for Diabetic patients
Diabetic patients and older people have higher glycated hemoglobin. Glycated hemoglobin was reduced by the attack, which made patients' blood sugar unstable. Since the porphyrin complexes of the virus produced in the human body inhibited the heme anabolic pathway.
Written by Upasana Yadav
(Courtesy:-Thank you Ikan for all the help) 

References:
1. Wenzhong, liu; hualan, Li (2020): COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Human Heme Metabolism. ChemRxiv. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.11938173.v5
Link to the article: https://chemrxiv.org/articles/COVID-19_Disease_ORF8_and_Surface_Glycoprotein_Inhibit_Heme_Metabolism_by_Binding_to_Porphyrin/11938173

Tuesday, March 31, 2020

COVID-19: Was SARS-CoV-2 genetically engineered for biological warfare?

An article published in Nature Medicine noted that it is improbable that SARS-CoV-2 emerged through laboratory manipulation of a related SARS-CoV-like coronavirus. This article disproves most conspiracy theories about the artificial origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

I am going to try to explain what the article says in simplified terms but you need to have some background in biochemistry to understand what it says. Let's begin!

Monday, February 17, 2020

HMG CoA synthase,reductase and lyase

Hello Awesomites!

LONG TIME. 
As I promised, the future blogs will be on confusers.
Here I go.


Study hard!
-Upasana Y :)

Saturday, February 15, 2020

Mnemonic for Catalytically perfect enzymes !!

Hii...
Certain rare enzymes , 
They are so efficient that almost every time enzyme meets its substrate, the reaction occurs. 
E + S ➡️ ES Complex ➡️ Instantaneously Product formed 
For such enzymes this becomes the rate limiting step & is only determined by 
Rate of Diffusion of molecules in solution.
Means , Catalytically perfect reactions are only limited by substrate diffusion rate.( Substrate diffusion into active site ) 

This enzymes are called Diffusion limited/ Catalytically perfect enzymes.

Catalytic efficiency reaches the diffusion limit.

Examples =
Furiously trying to CAtCh ( think Ball) diffusion limit in Superover.

Fumarase 
Triose phosphate isomerase 
Catalase 
Cytochrome C peroxidase
CAH ( Carbonic anhydrase )
AchE ( Ach esterase ) 
Ball = Beta lactamase 
Superover = SOD = Superoxide Dismutase 


Thank you...
By Drashtant

Saturday, February 8, 2020

Mnemonic for Galactosemia & Hereditary fructose intolerance

Hi everyone , this is a short video explaining mnemonic for Galactosemia & hereditary fructose intolerance.


Thank you :)
By Drashtant 

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Fact of the day - BUC in UGI bleed

Hi!

Blood urea levels are positively associated with upper GI bleed. But here's the fact: