Apex beat in Aortic stenosis vs regurgitation

 Hello

Clinical pearl: Retroperitoneal hematoma

 Hello

Vascular access during cardiac catheterization (in cases of myocardial infarction, for example) obtained through femoral artery above the level of inguinal ligament may lead to retroperitoneal hematoma due to arterial puncture.

LV aneurysm: Difference between true LV aneurysm and LV pseudoaneurysm

LV aneurysms are most commonly caused by myocardial infarction. What's the difference between true aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm?

Cardiac valves anatomy and mnemonics

Check out the YouTube video here!

-IkaN 

Embryology of eye mnemonic

Hello friends!

Here's is the simplest way to remember embryology of eye.

*Out of all layers (ecto,meso, endo), the endoderm doesn't contribute to the embryology of eye.

* Mesoderm forms - extraocular muscles

* Rest of the structures are derived from ectoderm.

* Surface ectoderm forms the structures which are visible to us from outside like Corneal epithelium

Conjunctival epithelium

 Lacrimal gland

 Lens ( important)

*Neuroectoderm forms neural structures like

Retina

Ciliary body ( not muscles)

Iris - both sphincter and dilator pupillae

Optic nerve

* Neural crest derivatives are 

Meninges of optic nerve

Schwann cells

Ciliary ganglion

Ciliary muscles 

For the remaining derivatives, watch the following picture.

Thank you.

Dr. Madhuri Reddy. 

The moderator band of the right ventricle

The moderator band is an intra-cavitary structure in the right ventricle (RV) spanning from the lower limit of the inflow tract of the RV anterior septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle of the RV free wall.

It carries a fascicle of the right bundle that allows for rapid activation of the RV free wall.

That's all!

-IkaN

Conus medullaris syndrome vs. Cauda equina syndrome

Both of these are orthopedic/neurosurgical emergencies! But in general, CM syndrome is more severe than CE syndrome.

Here's a comparison between the two...

Topics to read before PG entrance exams!

Hello Awesomites!

The aim is to help the students who want to give upcoming NEET PG Exam and are clueless about how to plan and prepare ?
I know my friend struggling day in and out for life in Covid wards. Exams doesn't matter now.
When they will have time in hand I want to help them out with plan beforehand. They are already brilliant enough to have been through all the challenges. :)

I know you can't predict what is important for this or next exams. Atleast with time in hand you can glance through some topics that contribute 70% of any exam. I am sharing the list 1st year subject I made during my preparation.

1.ANATOMY

• Embryology 

1. Pharyngeal arches
2. Neural crest derivatives
3. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis
4. Notochord and remnants 
5. Extraembryonic mesoderm
6. Diaphragm 
7. Cardiovascular system ( Abnormal subclavian artery)
8. Urogenital system 

• Histology 

1. Cerebellum
2. Osteoblasts
3. Urinary bladder epithelium
4. Cell junctions
5. Collagen types
6. cartilage
7. Tonsil,Lymph nodes, spleen,thymus
8. Stomach glands
9. Skin with sebaceous glands
10. Connective tissue types
11. Retina 
12. Salivary gland

• NEUROLOGY

1. Fornix 
2. Corpus callosum
3. Cranial nerves and its lesion
4. Brainstem syndromes (lateral medullary )
5. Foramen of skull
6. Facial nerve and trigeminal nerve
7. blood brain barrier
8. Functional area and functional columns
9. Parasympathetic ganglion 
10. Phrenic nerve and vagus

• GROSS

1.  Compartments of lower limb with nerve and blood supply
2. Blood supply of thyroid,oesophagus,ureter,Anal canal 
3. Waldeyer ring
4. External carotid artery
5. Circle of willis
6. Muscle of eye
7. Brachial plexus (Sensory and motor supply of upper limb)
8. Perineum
9. Cruciate ligaments
10. Vocal cords
11. Mediastinum
12. IVC tributaries
13. Cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure 
14. Splanchanic plexus

2. BIOCHEMISTRY

• Inborn error of metabolism (Types,Enzyme deficient,hallmark feature,Investigation of choice and treatment)
• Rate limiting step 
• Carbohydrate metabolism (Glycolysis,Glycogen storage disease,Glucogenesis,glycogenolysis,PFK-1)
• Lipid metabolism ( Hyperlipoproteinemia and hypolipoproteinemia)
• Vitamin (Coenzyme)
• Electron transport chain inhibitor
• Heme metabolism and Porphyria
• Ketone body formation 
• Urea cycle disorder
• Competitive, non competitive and allosteric inhibitors
• Mitochondrial disorders 
• Amino acid disorder
• Lead poisoning
• Translation process 

3.PHYSIOLOGY

• Receptors
• Neurotransmitter and functions
• Second messenger
• Reflexes
• Baroreceptors and chemorecptors
• JVP 
• ECG And EEG
• Spirometry
• RAAS 
• Counter current exchanger and multiplier
• Factors affecting compliance of lung 
• Action potential
• Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
• Channels and types 
• GIT hormones 
• Tracts and lesions(brown sequerd syndrome)
• LH,FSH,GH and insulin glucagon

 Following are the list of 2nd year topics.

1.FORENSIC MEDICINE

• Ballistics (Bullet ranges)
• Identification (female male, blood sample)
• Recent amendments in acts (POCSO act, MTP Act)
• Application of IPC,CrPC sections
• Postmortem changes
• Dentition And Xray of wrist elbow and pelvis to determine age
• Injuries -fracture of skull, RTA, Bruise
• Toxicology- Plant based image, Preservation of viscera, Snakes,Arsenic, OP poisoning,Mercury,cadmium,Cardiac poison
• Consent
• Grievous hurt and murder vs culpable homicide
• Seminal stains
• Dowry death and Rape
• Battered baby syndrome
• Plant Toxicology (castor,abrus,strychnine,Dhatura,Aconite,Oleander,Calotropis,Opium,Cannabis)

2. PATHOLOGY-

• Breast cancer, Lung cancer and Ovarian and testicular cancer
• CD markers
• Hemolytic anemia
• Vasculitis
• Endocarditis And MI
• Types of hypersensitivity reaction
• Platelet and coagulation disorder(ITP,TTP,hemophilias,vWD)
• Stains And vacutainers
• Transfusion reaction 
• Graft rejction
• Crohns vs Ulcerative colitis
• Necrosis, apoptosis and its variant
• Mode of inheritance
• Leukemia and lymphoma prognostic markers
• Renal histology and gross
• Liver histology and gross
• CNS tumors 

3.PHARMACOLOGY

• Antimicrobial Drug of choice and mechanism of action 
• Classification - aminoglycoside , MRSA And drugs for cystic fibrosis
• Hypolipidemic Agents 
• Asthma ( New drugs and guidelines)
• Arthritis (RA and gout)
• General pharmacology ( Pharmacokinetics,clinical trial,Pharmacodynamics)
• Concentration dependent kinetics and time dependent kinetics and post antibiotic effect
• Anti TB drugs
• Anti viral and anti HIV (anti hep B and C)
• Anti fungal
• CVS- MI ,HF, angina managment
• Endocrine- DM,Osteoporosis,SERM,SERD,Gnrh agonist
• GIT-Constipation (opioid induced,IBS related) ,Diarrhea,peptic ulcer
• CNS-Anti epileptic, Sedative,lithium toxicity,neurodegenerative disorder, side effect 
• ANS- Emergency medicines,anaphylaxis, receptors ,poisoning 
• Chemotherapy-Anticancer,monoclonal antibody,small molecules,kinase inhibitors
• Prostaglandins 
• Insulin 

4.MICROBIOLOGY-

• Sterilisation and disinfection (Indicator)
• Immunology (Antibody,complement deficiency,Primary immunodeficiency)
• Latest outbreaks (Zika,Congohemorrhagic fever,Ebola,Corona)
• Sexually transmitted infections
• Vectors
• Parasitology -Eggs
• Congenital infections-Toxoplasmosis,congenital syphillis,rubella,herpes,varicella
• HPV infection,HHV-8
• Bioterrorism
• Larva migrans,larva currens (cutaneous and visceral)
• CD4 counts and Opportunistic infection
•  HIV and TB
• Food poisoning
• Atypical bacteria treatment and infection 
• Dimorphic fungi
• Actinomycosis,Botryomycosis and eumycetoma
• Meningitis
• Exanthematous disease
• Neisseria,diphtheria,Listeria,bacillus anthrax,legionella,campylobacter jejuni
• Bacterial virulence factors,growth factors
• Rickettsial disease, spirochetes(weils ds) 
• Drug resistance mechanism

Following is the list of 3rd year topics.

1.COMMUNITY MEDICINE-

• Surveillance programs
• Sensitivity, specificity,PPV and NPV (Screening of disease)
• Types of studies 
• Odds ratio and relative risk ratio
• Bias
• Sampling 
• Biostatistics- central tendency  (Box and whisker plot )
•  Level of prevention 
• Vaccine and types (Toxoid and live attenuated)
• Demography and family planning
• Biomedical waste
• Health programmes ( RNTCP, HIV)
• Communication
• Nutrition and related programmes
• Disaster
• Null hypothesis,P value and alpha value
• Confidence limit 

2.OPHTHALMOLOGY-

•  Refractive errors (Astigmatism)
• Surgery and post op complication(Glaucoma,cataract,squint)
• Conjuctivitis
• Corneal ulcer (Bacterial,fungal and herpetic) (Stains)
• ROP and systemic retinopathy (Hypertensive and diabetic retinopathy)
• Retinitis pigmentosa and syndromes
• Retinal detachment and cause
• Retinoblastoma
•  Strabismus
• Optic neuritis
• Visual field defect 
• Blow out fracture and trauma to eye
• Glaucoma and drugs(Contraindication and indication)
• Managment of ptosis
• Light reflex and accomodation reflex and pupil
• 3,4,6 Cranial nerve
•  OCT ,Fluorescein angiograhy,tonometers,charts,
• Sudden loss of vision and gradual loss of vision differentials

3. ENT-

• Appearance of tympanic membrane in various disease
• Surgery (Tonsillectomy,Adenoidectomy,Mastoidectomy)
• Paranasal sinus
• CSF rhinorrhea
• Laryngeal disease (Papilloma,vocal cord paralysis, laryngeal muscles action, laryngeal cancers)
• Tracheostomy
• Abscess 
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• Juvenile angiofibroma
• Test of hearing and vertigo
• Otosclerosis
• Cochlear implants
• Oral cavity cancers 
• cervical Lymph node  and neck dissections

 Following is the list of Final year topics.

 1.OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGY-

• Pre-eclampsia (Definitions)
• HELLP
• PPH (prophylaxis and treatment)
• Perineal tear (Types and managment)
• Diabetes and anomalies scan 
• Shoulder dystocia maneuvers
• Molar pregnancy (High risk and low risk for GTN)
• Ectopic (Diagnosis, Investigation and managment)
• Abortions 
• Recurrent pregnancy loss (Investigations and causes)
• Cervical incompetence
• MTP
• Diagnosis and physiological changes of pregnancy 
•  Abruptio vs placenta previa vs Vasa previa
• Heart disease
• MgSO4 and drug
• Fetal monitoring -NST,BPP,doppler
• Twins and complications
• Labor-stages,partogram
• Placenta types and associated pathology
• Rh incompatibility
• Amenorrhea (primary and secondary)
• Mullerian anomalies (Class)
• Asherman, AIS,Gonadectomy indication
• Puberty and precocious puberty
• Menopause (Hormone replacement therapy guidelines) 
• Postmenopausal bleeding and premature ovarian failure (Levels of FSH)
• Semen analysis (Evaluation and IUI and TESE)
• PCOS -Diagnosis,drugs
• Endometriosis
• Cervical,vulval,ovarian,endometrial cancer,Fibroid
• Krukenberg
• PID
• Prolapse 
• Emergency contaceptives
• IUD
• Absolute contraindications in whole subject
• Female sterilisation  

2.PEDIATRICS-

• Developmental milestones
• Neonatal reflexes
• Neonatal resuscitation
• Jaudice,sepsis,Hyaline membrane disease
• Congenital infections-TORCH
• Vaccines(IAP and NIS)
• Diarrhea,pneumonia,dehydration managment
• Pediatric epilepsy
• Febrile seizure (Risk factors,recurrent risk,prohylaxis)
• Severe acute malnutrition
• Rickets
• meningitis
• Neuro-Cerebral palsy and neurocutaneous syndrome
• Pediatric vasculitis-HSP and Kawasaki Disease
•  Nephrotic syndrome
• Congenital heart disease( VSD,TOF,TGA and ductus dependent CHD)
• Trisomies
• Hypoxic Ischemic encephalopathy VS Periventricular leukomalacia
• Fluid managment including shock managment in children
• Childhood pneumonia, Epiglottitis, Acute laryngotracheobronchitis
• Microcephaly and macrocephaly 
• Hydrocephalus and Neural tube defect  
• Fetal alcohol syndrome,warfarin syndrome

3. ANESTHESIA-

• IV anesthetic agents (Propofol)
• Day care surgery (Drug of choice)
• Venous air embolism
• Local anesthetic (Remember concentration also)
• Vaporisers color 
• Inhalational agents 
• Monitoring (Capnography)
• Color coding of cylinder
• Circuits
• Mallampati and ASA grading
• Premedication duration of stoppage and continuation
• Muscle relaxant
• Airway devices
• Endotracheal tube (formula)
• Epidural vs spinal anesthesia (Level of blocks)
• Modes of ventilation

 4.DERMATOLOGY-

•  Pigmentation Diseases 

1. Hyperpigmentation
2. Nevus (Nevus of ota/mongolian spot/CMN/AMN)
3. Melasma
4. Acanthosis nigricans
5. Becker nevus
6. Hypopigmentation -PKDL/Pityriasis versicolor/alba/Hansens
7. Depigmentation-Vitiligo/Contact leukoderma

• Signs (Auspitz,nikolsky,bulla spread sign)
• Histopathology of psoriasis and lichen planus
• Mast cell disorder-Urticaria pigmentosa image
• Papulosquamous disease - Psoriasis ,lichen planus
• Treatment of Psoriasis
• STD (Syphillis,chancroid,donovanosis,Herpes genitalis,syndromic approach)
• Microbiology of STD organism( Dark ground,school of fish,Tzanck smear,Donovan body,Gonococcus)
• Drug Reaction -Fixed drug eruption, erythema multiforme,SJS/TEN
•  Blistering disease 

1. Pemphigus(clinical treatment)
2. Bullos pemphigoid
3. dermatitis herpetiformis
4. Histopathology of blister level and Direct immunofluorescence image

• Infections

1. Fungal (Tinea /pityriasis versicolor)
2. Hansens 
3. TB
4. Viral (HPV/HHV/Molluscum contagiosum)

• Hair disease-Alopecia images,DLE,trichotillomania
• Acne,Rosacea
• cutaneous markers of internal malignancy

5.RADIOLOGY-

• Emergency radiology-RTA,splenic injury,FAST,Perforation
• Radiological anatomy especially applied aspect
• CNS tumor
• Bone tumor
• BIRADS
• TIRADS
• Radiation physics and acute radiation syndrome
• Radiotherapy basics
• Contrast in various studies
• USG and doppler
• Doppler waveforms

6.ORTHOPEDICS-

• Knee joint (Everything)
• Shoulder dislocation
• Bone (Oncology+radiological picture)
• Pediatric Hip(Rdaiology +managment)
• Infections(TB,Osteomyelitis)
• CTEV
• AVN
• Tennis elbow and dequeverian
• Eponyms and test
• Blood supply of femur
• Pseudoarthrosis
• Genu varum/valgus,cubitus varus/valgus
• malunion 
• Instruments

7.SURGERY-

• Glasgow coma scale (Changes)
• Burn
• Cannula color coding 
• Triage
• Trauma
• Incisions,suture,foleys,NG tube,Knots,Scores
• Latest updates in breast cancer,thyroid and hepatobiliary cancers,Pancreatic cancer,stomach,colorectal cancer
• Bed sores staging 
•  Renal stones managment
• Gall stone managment and surgical complication
• Bariatric surgery
• Acute pancreatitis managment 
• Upper GI and lower GI bleed management and causes
• Aortic aneurysm
• Meckel diverticulum
• Wound classification
• Cancer-(Breast,rectum,stomach,oesophagus,HCC,prostate,thyroid)
• Cancer follow up duration 
• Carcinoid and GIST and gastrinoma

 8.MEDICINE-

•  ECG visuals
• Cardiac emergencies-Arrest,Unstable angina,MI,Arrhythmia,Dissection
• Respiratory emergency-Pulmonary embolism,pneumothorax,Asthma 
• Stroke
• Meningitis (Bacterial,viral,aseptic)
• Approach to patient in Coma
• Seizure
• Electrolyte imbalance
• ABG
• Hypertension and its emergency and management
• Murmurs and valvular lesions
• Pericardial d/o
• hepatitis(Viral,autoimmune)
• Non alcoholic and alcoholic liver disease
• Glomerular disease
• UTI
• CKD
• DM (management of different complications)
• Neurodegenerative d/o ,neuropathy,myopathy
• Septic shock guidelines
• GBS
• Poisoning 
• New asthma guidelines
• RTA and Inherited channelopathies
• MEN syndrome
• SIADH, DI,Pheochromocytoma
• AIDS defining illness
• Connective tissue disorder
• Infective endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease
• Prakinson and alzheimers
• IBS,UC ,Crohns
• Cardiomyopathy
• Jones and dukes criteria
• dyslipidemia management 

10.PSYCHIATRY-

• General psychiatry (terms and its meaning )
• MMSE
• Psychotic disorders

1. Schizophrenia
2. Delusional d/o- Named syndromes (Capgras,Fregoli,Othello,Ekbom)

• Mood disorder (Treatment is very important)

1. Mania
2. Depression
3. Bipolar

• Neurotic disorder 

1. Anxiety disorder
2. OCD related disorder
3. Dissociative disorder
4. Trauma and stress related disorder
5. Somatoform disorder

• Substance abuse and deaddiction
• Organic mental disorder(dementia)
• Sleep disorder
• Eating disorder
• Sexual disorder
• Personality types and disorder
• Drugs (SSRI and its sideeffect)
• Psychotherapy types and choice
• Defence mechanism  

You can edit this according to you. 

Hope it will help.

-Upasana Y.

Coronary artery anatomy mnemonic and video for visualization

Let's learn about the coronary artery anatomy today (and never forget it!)

Watch the video. Text and images below.

Importance of Ischial spine

Following are the important points of the ishial spine :-

Mnemonic SID BPL

1) Station of fetal head is calculated with respect to Ischial spine.

2) Internal rotation of fetal head occurs at this level.

3) Deep transverse arrest occurs at this level.

4) It is site for giving pudendal block.

5) Place at which ring pessory inserted.

6) Levator ani muscle is attached here.

PS : Question which was asked in central institute examination (I felt it should be mentioed here)

Which ligament is felt while giving pudendal block?

Sacrospinal ligament.

Layers Of The Abdomen

SUB - Skin

CUTANEOUS- Camper's Fascia

SYSTEM - Scarpa's Fascia

EXITS - External Oblique

INTESTINAL- Internal Oblique

TRANSPORTw/ - Trs Abdominis 

FREE- Fascia Transversalis 

EXIT- Extra Peritoneal C/T 

PASS- Parietal peritoneum 

Actions of Intrinsic laryngeal muscles of Vocal cord mnemonic video

Hello!

This is video is on Actions of Intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

Areas devoid of pain fibres

Areas devoid of pain fibers 

Mnemonic: BED PACK

B- Brain parenchyma

E- Ependyma

D- Duramater (Neither covering blood vessel or forming dural venous sinus) 

P- Pia mater

A- Arachnoid mater

C-Choroid plexus

That's it 

-Demotional bloke

Areas devoid of BBB

Area devoid of BBB 

Mnemonic: MAP SNOW
M- Median eminence
A- Area postrema
P- Pineal gland
S- Subfornical organ
N- Neurohypophysis
O- OVLT- Organum vasculosum laminer terminalis 

That's it 

- Demotional bloke

GANGLION (Last minute revision)

Hello Awesomites !

These are point on parasympathetic ganglion.

-Upasana Y.

Integrating Trendelenburg

This blog will compel all the signs /symptoms Or test related to 'Trendelenburg'. Let us know if you know more of the 'Trendelenburg' in the comment section so we can integrate it here. 

Trendelenburg's gait: 

A child with unilateral dislocation of hip lurches on the affected side while bearing weight on it. Seen in DDH, poliomyelitis, Superior Gluteal nerve palsy.
Trendelenburg's gait is also known as Abductor gait or lurching gait.

Trendelenburg's test:

Trendelenburg's surgery/procedure:
It is done in GSV and SFJ incompetence. Here flush ligation of SFJ is done. Flush ligation means vein is ligated as close as possible.
Six tributaries also need to be ligated to reduce recurrence rate.
Laterally: Superior circumflex iliac.
                  Superior epigastric vein.
Medially: Superior external pudendal
                   Deep external pudendal
Distally: Accessory anterior saphenous vein
                Posterior medical thigh vein

Stripping is an additional surgery. Should be done till knee, not below knee to avoid Saphaneous nerve.

Brodie Trendelenburg's test: 

It is done to determine the incompetency of the sapheno-femoral valve and incompetency of the communicating vein.
In both the tests, patient is first placed in the recumbent position and his legs are raised to empty the veins. The sapheno-femoral junction is now compressed with the thumb or a torniquet can be used.
1) To check sapheno-femoral valve incompetency, patient is asked to stand up quickly and pressure is released. If varices fill quickly by a column of a blood from above, it indicates incompetency of the sapheno-femoral valve. This is called Trendelenburg test.
2) To test communicating system, pressure is not released but maintain for 1 min. Gradual filling of the veins indicates incompetency of communicating veins.

That's it

-Demotional bloke. 

Draw the human heart with me

Hi everyone!

I just created a spontaneous draw with me video.

Horner Syndrome

Horner syndrome is a classic neurologic syndrome whose signs include miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis.

NEUROANATOMY - Horner syndrome can result from a lesion anywhere along a three-neuron sympathetic pathway that originates in the hypothalamus:
●The first-order neuron descends caudally from the hypothalamus to the first synapse, which is located in the cervical spinal cord (levels C8-T2, also called ciliospinal center of Budge).

●The second-order neuron travels from the sympathetic trunk over the lung apex. It then ascends to the superior cervical ganglion, located near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

●The third-order neuron from superior cervical ganglia then ascends within the adventitia of the internal carotid artery, through the cavernous sinus. In the orbit and the eye, the oculosympathetic fibers innervate the iris dilator muscle as well as Müller's muscle, a small smooth muscle in the eyelids responsible for a minor portion of the upper lid elevation and lower lid retraction.

First-order syndrome - Lesions of the sympathetic tracts in the brainstem or cervicothoracic spinal cord can produce a first-order Horner syndrome.
The most common causes are:
(a)occlusion of PICA, which produces Horner syndrome as part of the Wallenberg syndrome.
(b)Brown-Séquard syndrome above T1, patient may present with ipsilateral Horner syndrome due to damage of oculosympathetic pathway.

Second-order syndrome — Second-order or preganglionic Horner syndromes can occur with trauma or surgery involving the spinal cord, thoracic outlet, or lung apex.Other causes include pancoast tumor involving the lung apex.

Third-order syndrome — Third-order Horner syndromes often indicate lesions of the internal carotid artery such as an arterial dissection, thrombosis, or cavernous sinus aneurysm

CLINICAL FEATURES -The classic signs of a Horner syndrome are ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis.
1)The ptosis occurs as a result of paralysis of the Müller's muscle.
2)The degree of anisocoria is more marked in the dark than in light.
3)Anhidrosis is present in central or preganglionic (first- or second-order) lesions because the sympathetic fibers responsible for facial sweating branch off at the superior cervical ganglion along the external carotid artery and its branches.
4)Horner syndrome is also a common feature of cluster headache.

SOURCE-UpToDate, Kaplan.

-Srikar Sama.

Movements of eye muscles.

This post is actually the primary post for squint studies. Just basic post so we can explore squint in easy and simplified manner.

So there are seprate diagrams for anatomical and clinical functions. In this post we will go for former part.

Anatomical functions diagram.

Note: Don't use this diagram when you are studying squint. This diagram is used only for movements of eye muscles.

So every muscle has 3 actions except medial and lateral rectus.
Actions are divided into three types Primary, secondary and tertiary.

We know the basic or primary action of superior and inferior rectus is to elevate and depress the eyeball respectively.

According to the diagram given you also know that superior rectus can intort and adduct. Similarly, inferior rectus can extort and adduct the muscles.

How to remember this?
1) Through diagram.
2) Trick: Recti muscles are adductors

Now comes to SO(Superior oblique) and IO(Inferior oblique). Now this is also basic which we fail to notice often. These muscles are coming to tarsus part of eye obliquely. So, primary action is intortion and extortion respectively. Now go to diagram and you will notice that IO actually corresponds to SR hence it performs elevation and SO corresponds to IR so it performs depression.

Also, both the muscles are "Abductors"

How to remember this?
1) Diagram off course!
2) Trick: Superior muscles are Intorters and inferior muscles are extorters.

To keep the things in apple pie order I have made this chart. Hope it helps.

-Demotional bloke

Inguinal lymph nodes

Hello Awesomites! :)

Long time. Happy to be back. :D

Today we will study Inguinal Lymph nodes along with its clinical significance.

You know fascia lata is present in our lower limbs.

The Lymph nodes lying above it is called as superficial inguinal Lymph nodes.

The Lymph nodes lying beneath it is called as deep inguinal Lymph nodes.

The superficial Lymph nodes are further divided into horizontal and vertical groups.

The deep lymph nodes are deep to fascia lata and 1-2 nodes can be found in femoral canal. This nodes in the femoral canal are called as deep inguinal Lymph node of Rosenmuller or of Cloquet. This drains glans penis and clitoris.

Through the umbilicus is taken a watershed line of Lymphatic drainage of anterior abdominal wall.

The anterior abdominal wall below the umbilicus drains in the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Entire perineum except glans penis and glans clitoris are drained by superficial lymph nodes.
Most of the lower limb is drained by superficial inguinal lymph nodes except the territory of short saphenous vein (This part of lower limb is drained by popliteal group of lymph nodes).

Some part of Uterus and uterine tubes are also drained by superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Anal canal below pectinate line also drains in superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Superficial Inguinal lymph node drain lymph from the

1.     gluteal region,

2.      inferior anterior abdominal wall,

3.      perineum

4.     superficial lower limbs

5.     Anal canal below pectinate line

Deep Inguinal Lymph node drains

1.     deep lymphatics of the distal lower extremity

2.      perineum (e.g. glans penis / clitoris),

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:

In sexually transmitted diseases, you will find enlargement of this lymph nodes.
Inguinal lymph nodes are the frequent sites of metastasis for malignant lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal, vulva and penis, malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of skin over lower extremities or trunk. 

-Upasana Y. :)