Adrenaline : Dosage

Dose of Adrenaline :

Anaphylaxis :- 0.5mg 1:1000 IM

Anaphylactic Shock :-  1mg 1:10000 IV

Cardiac Arrest :-  1:10000 IV

CPR :-  1:10000 IV/IO, if not accessible 1:1000 ET

With LA :- 1:200000 SC

-Md Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)

Flap Valve Mechanism of Inguinal Canal

Hello Everyone!

     Today lets understand the Flap Valve mechanism of Inguinal Canal:

That's all,

Thank you!

Chaitanya Inge

Cryoprecipitate constituents mnemonic

Hello!

This is a post on the constituents of Cryoprecipitate :)

Guidelines for treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis 2017 UPDATE

Hello Awesomites :D

This is to inform you the updated guidelines.
I was overwhelmed with the data in the book. I tried to simplify it.

1.The name given to this scheme is "99 DOTS"
99 means that 99% benefits should reach to all the people who are enrolled under this programme.

2.INTRODUCTION OF FDC (fixed dose combination)
 (Please make a correction in the following diagram :- ETHAMBUTOL=275mg)

3. FROM THRICE WEEKLY TO "DAILY DOSING"

4.Information technology is incorporated to monitor the adherence of patient to treatment regimen.

5.REGIMEN :-

6. DOSE OF THESE DRUGS :-

7. IMPLEMENTATION :-

by toll free no. 

I hope it helped. 

(Edit1:- 99DOTS) 

-Upasana Y. :)

USMLE Step 3 CCS: Asthma exacerbation

Orders to remember!

Pulse oximetery (every 1-2 hours to access response)
Oxygen
Physical examination
Albuterol nebulizer
Intravenous methylprednisone
Peak flow (every 1-2 hours to access response)
EKG (is this cardiac?)
CXR (to find out cause of asthma excerbation - infection)
CBC (to find out cause of asthma excerbation - infection)
BMP

Other stuff:
Cardiac monitor
Head elevation
Ipratropium for severe exacerbations
ABG
Admit
NSS 0.9%
NPO
Discharge on oral prednisone for 5-7 days

Uptodate:
- Use inhaled short-acting beta agonists early and frequently, and consider concomitant use of ipratropium for severe exacerbations
- Start systemic glucocorticoids if there is not an immediate and marked response to the inhaled short-acting beta agonists
- Make frequent (every one to two hours) objective assessments of the response to therapy until definite, sustained improvement is documented

-IkaN

Mapelson circuits in anaesthesia mnemonic

Hey!

So I've faced a lot of problems trying to remember the various Mapelson semiopen circuits for inhalational anaesthesia and sadly they have been asked in exams so I tried to identify them using these simple points.

Firstly, remember, the circuits are semi open so part of the gases will be exhaled and part of them will be re inhaled.

Basic parts of any circuit are
-an inlet for fresh gases
-an outlet valve for exhalation
-the patient end
-the distal end usually with a bag to control rise and fall of the chest.

1) Mapelson A
The only circuit where fresh gases come in from the distal end. The exhaling valve is near the patient. It is suitable for spontaneous ventilation so rate of flow of gases = minute volume.

2) Mapelson B
Remember, B for both. So both inlet and outlet are together at the patient end. Otherwise it's the same as A.

3) Mapelson type C
C for closed and C for corrugationless. It's a closed circuit and the only one which has no corrugations.

4) Mapelson D
It is the exact opposite of A. Inlet for fresh gases is near the pt, outlet is far away. It is suitable for controlled ventilation.

5)Mapelson E
This is a valveless circuit and also has no bag (the only one without a bag). Since the arrangement is in the form of a T, it is also called Ayre's T piece.

6) Mapelson F
It is the same as E, valveless, but it has a bag to control the rise and fall of chest. It is mainly used in infants and neonates.

Summary:

Fresh gases distally ➡A

Inlet outlet both together➡B

No corrugation➡C

Opposite of A➡D

No exhaling valve ➡ E and F

No bag ➡ E

Same as E but with bag ➡F

Submitted by Aditi

Side effects of carbamazepine mnemonic

carbAMAZEpine AMAZES me :P

Here's a mnemonic!

DD of white membrane over tonsil

DD of white membrane over tonsil -
" MALA VIT DC"

M- Membranous tonsillitis
A - Aphthous ulcers
L -  Leukocytosis
A -  Agranulocytosis

V - Vincent Angina
I   - Infectious mononucleosis
T  - Traumatic ulcers

D- Diphtheria
C - Candidia infection

Thank you :)
  
~Pratheek Prabhu

Medicare mnemonic for USMLE

Hello!

Here is how I remember medicare plans - A B C and D

Steroid Hormone synthesis pathway (Clinical aspect)

Hello Awesomites :D

I was reviewing the corticosteroid synthesis pathway and its applied.
Let us begin. :))
Adrenal gland consist of two parts :-
1. MEDULLA
2.CORTEX
Adrenal dysfunction includes hyperfunction / hypofunction of medulla and cortex.
1. MEDULLA

A) HYPERFUNCTION - pheochromocytoma
                                        -Neuroblastoma
2.CORTEX

A)HYPERFUNCTION -Conn's disease
                                      -Cushing's syndrome (Primary tumors)
                                                                          (excess ACTH -pituitary hypersecretion,ECTOPIC)
B)HYPOFUNCTION -ACTH deficiency (Iatrogenic , pituitary insufficiency)

C)CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA (from partial enzyme deficiencies due to mutation in genes)

Clinical features of CAH :-

1.DUE TO DECREASED ALDOSTERONE :-
-Sodium wasting (hyponatremia+dehydration+shock)
 (early presentation)
-increased potassium
-acidosis
2.DUE TO DECREASED CORTISOL:-
-Hypoglycemia
-increased ACTH
3.DUE TO INCREASED TESTOSTERONE :-
In female , virlization.
In male, No symptom, increased size and pigmentation of penis.

Q. What is the difference between 21-hydroxylase deficiency and 11beta hydroxylase deficiency ?
Ans. In 21-hydroxylase deficiency, hypotension occurs due to salt wasting.
Accumulation of 11-deoxycorticosterone as a result of 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency leads to "HYPERTENSION".

Q.Most common form of CAH is due to mutation or deletion of which gene?
Ans. CYP21A resulting in 21-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY .

Q.Which Enzyme deficiency showing virlization in females?
Ans. -21 hydroxylase
        -3beta HSD
       -11 Beta hydroxylase.

Q. Two hypertensive form of CAH.
Ans. 11beta hydroxylase and 17hydroxylase deficiency.

Other points :
- Females with 17-hydroxylase deficiency appear phenotypically female at birth but do not develop breasts and mensturate in adolescent because of INADEQUATE ESTRADIOL PRODUCTION(17 hydroPregnenolone is also a precursor of estrogen). They may present with hypertension.
-CAH is a type of enzyme deficiency. So it can be partial or complete .There is a severity spectrum.
More severe form shows salt wasting.
Milder form shows "NON CLASSICAL TYPE of CAH".

Diagnosis:-

• 17hydropregnenolone with or without ACTH test
• CYP21A2 panel,sequencing,deletion
• Carrier screening test (Preconception test)
• Karyotyping ( In case of ambiguity of sex)
• Hormones and electrolytes

Treatment:-

• Counsel the parents.
• Protect from Adrenal insufficiency ( Give mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid)
• Avoid salt wasting crisis during illness,stress,etc. ( Increase dose of glucocorticoid,Give IV fluids and sodium and dextrose)
• Surgery ,sex assignment.

(Note :- There are two more variants of CAH 1. Lipoid CAH 

2.POR deficiency ( P450 oxidoreductase enzyme deficiency) - also involved in both sterol and steroid synthesis pathway).

Study hard.

-Upasana Y. :)

Sequels of corneal ulcer perforation

Sequels of corneal ulcer perforation :
"SILICA PAPA"

S- Subluxation of lens
I -  Iris prolapse
L-  Leucoma
I -  Intraocular haemorrhage
C- Corneal fistula
A-  Adherent Leucoma

P- Phthisis bulbi
A- Anterior synechiae
P- Purulent infection
A- Anterior Staphyloma

Thank you :)

~Pratheek Prabhu

Complications of corneal ulcer

Complications of corneal ulcer - "DEPICT"

D- Descemetocele
E- Ectatic cicatrix ( Keratectasia )
P- Perforation
I - Inflammatory glaucoma 
C- Corneal scarring
T-  Toxic iridocyclitis

Thank you :)

~ Pratheek Prabhu

DD of neonatal cloudy cornea

Differential diagnosis of neonatal cloudy cornea - "STUMPED"

S-Sclerocornea
T-Tear in Descemet's membrane
U-Ulcer
M-Metabolic condition
P-Posterior corneal defect
E- Endothelial dystrophy
D-Dermoid

Thank you :)

~Pratheek Prabhu