Neural crest forms neural and non-neural population.
1. Facial clefts, ear malformations, and other facial defects-
4. Pigmentary disorders
HSP is also known as Anaphylactoid purpura.
• Most common vasculitis in children.
• Most common Leucocytoplastic vasculitis.
It predominantly affects small vessels (venules, capillaries, arterioles).
It is usually self limited but may progress to end stage renal disease.
Clinical features:
1) Skin: rash, palpable purpura (non-thrombocytopenic purpura).
2) Joints: arthritis, arthalgia.
3) Kidneys: glomerulonephritis (proteinuria, hematuria).
° Severe renal failure occurs in about 1-2%, characterized by crescenteric glomerulonephritis which is treated with intravenous methyl prednisolone.
4) GIT : colicky abdominal pain.
On investigation: total Ig A increases.
Renal biopsy: mesangial Ig A deposits.
Treatment: conservative treatment
Oral prednisolone may be given.
Thanks for reading.
Madhuri Reddy.
Hello!
Let's talk about restrictive lung diseases today.
We know that an increased FEV1 / FVC ratio is suggestive of a restrictive lung disease.
However, you want to get lung volumes and confirm it by looking at the reduced TLC.
There are two types of restrictive lung diseases that you want to differentiate - pulmonary and extrapulmonary.
In pulmonary restrictive lung disease, all lung volumes are reduced due to fibrosis.
In extrapulmonary restrictive lung disease, the residual volume will be normal or even increased.
Why? Because in neuromuscular diseases, the muscles don't have the strength to blow air out.
DLCO is another way you can differentiate the two.
In pulmonary restrictive lung disease, the surface of alveolar membrane that participates in gas exchange is reduced and the DLCO is low.
In extrapulmonary restrictive lung disease, the DLCO is normal.
That's all!
-IkaN
Hello!
This post is about the indications and contraindications of nasotracheal intubation.
Indications:
1) Oral surgery
2) Fracture mandible
3) Inadequate mouth opening
4) Tube to be kept for longer time
5) Awake fibre-optic intubation
Contraindications:
1) Fracture of base of skull (may directly enter inside skull)
2) CSF rhinorrhea (increases infection - meningitis)
3) Nasal mass (do not allow tube to pass)
4) Adenoids
5) Coagulopathy
6) Decreased movement of endotracheal tube
7) Nasal mucosal damage.
Thanks for reading.
Madhuri Reddy
Malignant hyperthermia is a syndrome of rapidly rising temperature.
It occurs due to abnormality of Ryanodine receptors which cause release of large amount of calcium from sarcoplasm reticulum leading to sustained muscular contraction.
It is triggered by:
1) Succinylcholine (50%) - most common
2) ether
3) methoxyflurane
4) halothane
5) enflurane
6) isoflurane
7) Desflurane
8) sevoflurane
Clinical features:
1) Masseter muscle spasm - most initial sign
2) Rise in end tidal CO2
3) Tachycardia
4) Respiratory/ metabolic acidosis
5) Hyperkalemia
6) Pulmonary edema
7) Cerebral edema
8) Myoglobinuria
9) Renal failure
10) Rise in temperature - late sign
Treatment:
1) Stop all anesthetic agents (because one of it is a triggering factor).
2) Hyperventilate with 100% O2.
3) Inj.Dantrolene - 2 mg/kg intravenously every 5 minutes to a maximum dose of 10 mg/kg.
Dantrolene can be continued for next 48 hours.
4) Sodabicarb to correct metabolic acidosis.
5) Cooling of body.
6) Other symptomatic treatment.
To detect malignant hyperthermia:
BEST DIAGNOSTIC TEST -> Halothane Caffeine muscle contraction test.
BEST SCREENING TEST -> Creatinine kinase test.
Thanks for reading.
Madhuri Reddy
Hello!
Here's a short post on the atypical antidepressant, Mirtazapine! It's an alpha 2 antagonist that increases release of NE (norepinephrine) and 5-HT (serotonin)
Mirtazapine causes sedation (desirable in depressed patients with insomnia)
Mnemonic: MirtaZZZZapine
Zzz for 😴 sleep
Mirtazapine increases appetite, causes weight gain (desirable in elderly or anorexic patients)
Mnemonic:
M - Mirtazapine makes you motu
(Motu in Hindi / Urdu is fat)
-IkaN