Supination and Pronation of Forearm

Hello lovely folks!

Lets learn something from superior extremity.. supination and pronation!
They occur at the superior and inferior radioulnar joints
They are pivot type of synovial joints
It is the rotatory movement of forearm around a vertical axis
The axis passes from the head of the radius above to the ulnar attachment of articular disc below
The axis is not stationary because the lower end of ulna moves backwards and laterally during pronation & forwards and medially during supination

Let's consider pronation
In the movement of pronation, the head of the radius rotates within the annular ligament
Whereas the distal end of the radius with the hand moves bodily forward [pronate your hand and see]
The ulnar notch of the radius moves around the circumference of the head of ulna
In addition, the distal end of ulna moves laterally
If it didn't your hand wouldn't stay in line with the upper limb and would probably displace medially [You dont want that, trust me! :P]
Supination is the reversal of this process

We have two pronators and two supinators
Pronator teres and pronator quadratus, as the name suggests, for pronation
Supinator and Biceps Brachi for supination
[People usually forget to mention biceps brachi, which is really lame, its an important and awesome muscle!]

That's all for today
Thank you so much for reading! :)


-IkaN

Peritoneal ligaments of liver

Hey guys.. Wanna learn about the peritoneal ligaments of liver?

Alrighty!

They support our liver.. Along with the hepatic veins draining into the Inferior Vena Cava and tone of the abdominal muscles.

My handwriting is really sucky.. So lemme just help you read =D

 

The falciform ligament ascends from the umbilicus to the liver.

It has a free margin that contains ligamentum teres.

It passes to the anterior and superior surface

and splits into anterior coronary ligament and left triangular ligament.

The right extremity of the coronary ligament is known as the right triangular ligament.

The pertioneal layers of the coronary ligament are widely separated and leaves an area devoid of peritoneum - bare area of the liver.

The lesser omentum arises from the edges of porta hepatis and fissure for ligamentum venosum

and passes into the lesser curvature of the stomach.

These are from my notes.. They are really bad.. *embarrassed*
I uploaded them anyway..

Thank you so much for reading =]

-IkaN

Lymphatic drainage of the tongue

Remember:
The anterior part of the tongue tends to drain into the nodes farthest down the deep cervical chain (See diagram) ^_^
Anterior two thirds drain unilaterally
Posterior one third bilaterally
That's all you need to know! :)

-ikaN

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

This is a really cool diagram to explain the tongue..
You can see three out of the four extrinsic muscles here..
Lemme tell you about them! ^_^

Styloglossus
Origin: From tip and anterior surface of the styloid process
Insertion: Into the side of the tongue
Action: So what'll be its action? Its pulling the tongue to its origin.. ie behind
Hence action will be retraction of tongue

Hyoglossus
Origin: Greater cornua and lateral part of hyoid bone
Insertion: Side of the tongue
Action: Think.. Pulling the tongue downward, towards the origin.. Hence, depression of tongue

Genioglossus
Origin: Upper genial tubercle of the mandible
Insertion: Forms bulk of the tongue
Action: Protrudes the tongue.. [Pulling towards origin, remember?]

Palatoglossus
Sorry guys.. I don't have a diagram for this muscle.. Will upload soon!
Origin: Oral surface of palatine aponeurosis
Insertion: Descends into the palatoglossal arch to side of tongue at junction between oral and pharyngeal parts
Action: Elevation of tongue

Nerve supply
I have shown the nerve supply.. Its hyoglossal nerve.
Except for palatoglossus.. which is supplied by the vagus and cranial part of the accessory nerve (CN XI) that travel via the pharyngeal plexus

I just love this diagram.. Shows the muscles properly with the nerve supply.. and it's really cute.. So do make the diagram in your exam, it's really easy! :)
So basically you can remember the origin and insertion through the diagram.. I'll elaborate on palatoglossus with the muscles of the palate.. That's all for the extrinsic muscles!
Thank you so much for reading!

Pray that I do well in my exams =)

-IkaN

Related topic: Innervation of the tongue, palate, pharynx & larynx with mnemonic