Cool fact: A new layer of cornea is discovered. It's called the Dua's membrane.
The Dua's Layer lies between the stroma and the descmets.
It's said to be acellular.
It was discovered last year by an Indian opthalmologist, Dr. Harminder Singh Dua.
Related post: Layers of the cornea mnemonic
Which muscles are pierced in midaxillary line during pleural tap?
Answer:
- Serratus anterior
- External intercostals
- Internal intercostals
- Intercostalis muscle
What are the boundaries of the safety area that we chose for pleural tap?
Answer:
Anterior - Lateral border of pectoralis major
Lateral - Lateral border of trapezius
Inferior - 5th intercostal space
Superior - Base of axilla
It's also called safe triangle.
Related post: Why is atropine given before procedures like drainage of pleural effusion aka pleural tap?
Staghorn calculus mnemonic
I remember the word, "MAPS"
M: Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Struvite stones
A: Alkaline pH (AlkAline has 2 A's, Acid has just 1 A.)
P: Proteus
S: Splitting organisms (Urea splitting, urease producing organisms)
Staghorn calculus
Question: Which vitamin is indicated in treatment of calcium stones?
Answer: Pyridoxine
And which vitamin is avoided in a patient with history of calcium stones?
Answer: Vitamin C, it will worsen calcium stones.
Why?
Answer: Vitamin C increases oxalate in body. Pyridoxine decreases oxalate level in body.
Extra: Vitamin A deficiency too causes stones. The desquamated epithelium in tubules acts as a nidus for stone formation.
Most commonly asked appendicitis signs
Aaron’s sign: A referred pain or feeling of distress in the epigastrium or precordial region, on continuous firm pressure over McBurney’s point, in acute appendicitis.
Dieulafoy’s triad: Tenderness, muscular contraction and skin hyperaesthesia at McBurney’s point in appendicitis.
Obturator sign: It refers to presence of hypogastric pain on stretching the obturator internus due to its irritation in the pelvis. This test is performed by passive internal rotation of the flexed rightthigh with the patient supine.
Bastedo’s sign : Pain and tenderness in the right iliac fossa on inflation of the colon with air, in cases of chronic appendicitis.
Psoas sign : It is positive in retrocecal appendicitis. In this, irritation of the of the psoas muscle gives rise to pain when the patient’s right thigh is extended from the flexed position.
Rovsing’s sign : Pain at McBurney’s point induced in cases of appendicitis, by pressure exerted over the descending colon
That's a good summary. Thanks!
Study link! Clinical features of acute appendicitis mnemonic
http://medicowesome.blogspot.ae/2014/11/clinical-features-of-acute-appendicitis.html
What is the difference bw serial interval and communicable period?
Communicable period is the one in which the disease is transmitted from one case to another. (Also known as infectivity.)
The patient might have the disease but may not be infectious because of latent phase.
Serial interval is the time period in which the disease manifests from one case to another.
It's different from communicable period because the disease doesn't manifest immediately, so the case might present to you late.
Serial interval = Latent period + communicable period (Roughly)
A 60 year old male presents with headache, scalp tenderness, painful temples, pain on chewing & visual disturbances.. Diagnosis?
Answer: Temporal arteritis
What tests you would do to confirm the diagnosis?
Answer: Raised ESR, temporal artery biopsy
Treatment?
Answer: High dose steroids like prednisolone!
Temporal artery branch of?
Answer: ECA, the external carotid artery!
Question: During clinical examination of abdomen what is the correct sequence of the following events?
Palpation - inspection - auscultation - percussion.
Answer: You first need to auscultate in abdominal examinations because bowel sounds increase after palpation. So it would be inspection - auscultation - palpation - percussion.
When assessing most body systems, the appropriate order is inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. However, with the abdominal assessment, auscultate before you manipulate the abdomen with palpation and percussion. The rationale for this is that manipulation of the abdomen with palpation and percussion may stimulate peristalsis and thereby alter your examination findings. So the appropriate order for the abdominal examination is inspection, then auscultation, followed by palpation and percussion.
Research paper: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK420/
Extra tips: You wanna ask the patient whether it hurts somewhere and palpate that area last.
While examining abdomen always expose the patient from nipples to midthigh. Also one more important thing is that, abdominal examination is never complete without examination of external genitalia.
There are several extradrenal sites where pheochromocytoma occurs, and this, the 'organ of Zuckerkandl' is one interesting site.
It actually is a cluster of bodies,located either at the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesentric artery and they contain chromaffin cells derived from the neural crest.
These are also known as 'paraortic bodies' but differ from 'corpora aortica'(also a chromaffin body)which lies near to the thoracic aorta.
The organ of Zuckerkandl is said to be responsible for secreting catecholamines and other vasoactive substances. It has a function of supplying catecholamines to the fetus especially in the first trimester of pregnancy and regresses usually in the third trimester.
Posted via Blogaway
What is immunogenic hemolytic disease of new born?
Answer: In immunogenic type, the immune system plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Rh incompatibility is an example.
What are the causes of non-immunogenic erythroblastosis fetalis?
Answer: Examples of non immunogenic erythroblastosis fetalis are iron deficiency anemia, CMV infection in mother, etc.
Can congenital hemolytic anemia be a cause of non-immunogenic erythroblastosis fetalis?
Answer: Yes.
Though usually, hemolytic anemias don't present till later in life (Mostly because of HbF).
Exceptions would be severe alpha thalassemia in which all 4 alpha chain synthesis is deleted. 4 gamma chains combine, leading to the formation of HbH (Bart's hemoglobin!) They die in utero due to severe hypoxia and hydrops.
