What is the difference bw serial interval and communicable period?
Communicable period is the one in which the disease is transmitted from one case to another. (Also known as infectivity.)
The patient might have the disease but may not be infectious because of latent phase.
Serial interval is the time period in which the disease manifests from one case to another.
It's different from communicable period because the disease doesn't manifest immediately, so the case might present to you late.
Serial interval = Latent period + communicable period (Roughly)
A 60 year old male presents with headache, scalp tenderness, painful temples, pain on chewing & visual disturbances.. Diagnosis?
Answer: Temporal arteritis
What tests you would do to confirm the diagnosis?
Answer: Raised ESR, temporal artery biopsy
Treatment?
Answer: High dose steroids like prednisolone!
Temporal artery branch of?
Answer: ECA, the external carotid artery!
Question: During clinical examination of abdomen what is the correct sequence of the following events?
Palpation - inspection - auscultation - percussion.
Answer: You first need to auscultate in abdominal examinations because bowel sounds increase after palpation. So it would be inspection - auscultation - palpation - percussion.
When assessing most body systems, the appropriate order is inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. However, with the abdominal assessment, auscultate before you manipulate the abdomen with palpation and percussion. The rationale for this is that manipulation of the abdomen with palpation and percussion may stimulate peristalsis and thereby alter your examination findings. So the appropriate order for the abdominal examination is inspection, then auscultation, followed by palpation and percussion.
Research paper: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK420/
Extra tips: You wanna ask the patient whether it hurts somewhere and palpate that area last.
While examining abdomen always expose the patient from nipples to midthigh. Also one more important thing is that, abdominal examination is never complete without examination of external genitalia.
There are several extradrenal sites where pheochromocytoma occurs, and this, the 'organ of Zuckerkandl' is one interesting site.
It actually is a cluster of bodies,located either at the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesentric artery and they contain chromaffin cells derived from the neural crest.
These are also known as 'paraortic bodies' but differ from 'corpora aortica'(also a chromaffin body)which lies near to the thoracic aorta.
The organ of Zuckerkandl is said to be responsible for secreting catecholamines and other vasoactive substances. It has a function of supplying catecholamines to the fetus especially in the first trimester of pregnancy and regresses usually in the third trimester.
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What is immunogenic hemolytic disease of new born?
Answer: In immunogenic type, the immune system plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Rh incompatibility is an example.
What are the causes of non-immunogenic erythroblastosis fetalis?
Answer: Examples of non immunogenic erythroblastosis fetalis are iron deficiency anemia, CMV infection in mother, etc.
Can congenital hemolytic anemia be a cause of non-immunogenic erythroblastosis fetalis?
Answer: Yes.
Though usually, hemolytic anemias don't present till later in life (Mostly because of HbF).
Exceptions would be severe alpha thalassemia in which all 4 alpha chain synthesis is deleted. 4 gamma chains combine, leading to the formation of HbH (Bart's hemoglobin!) They die in utero due to severe hypoxia and hydrops.
Can anyone help me with pharmacological classification of anti Alzheimer's agents?
For Alzheimers, cholinesterase inhibitors.. And a drug called memantine.
NMDA receptor antagonists.
Drugs: Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine), donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine.
Mechanism: Inhibition of cholinesterase, with a resulting increase in cerebral levels of acetylcholine.
Antioxidants, selegiline, tocopherol (vitamin E), estrogen replacement in females, Ginkgo Biloba extracts are other drugs which may benefit in Alzheimers disease.
Here's a list of eponymous hernia terms I was sent. I added a few mnemonics to where I could. Others you'll have to memorize!
Gibbon's hernia- Hernia with hydrocoele
Berger's hernia - Hernia in Pouch of Douglas
Mnemonic: Burgers are made of dough.
Grynfelt's hernia - Upper lumbar triangle hernia.
Petit's hernia - Lower lumbar triangle hernia
Cloquet's hernia- Hernia through pectineal fascia
Mnemonic: The hernia is cloaked, peccantly.
Narath's hernia - Behind femoral artery
Hesselbach's hernia - Lateral to femoral artery
Mnemonic: hesseLBAch - Lateral to big artery.
Serofini's hernia - Behind femoral vessels
Mnemonic: SeroFini - Supported by femoral vessels.
Laugier's hernia - Through lacunar ligament
L for Laugier's, L for Lacunar
Tealse's hernia - In front of femoral vessels
Richter's hernia - Part of circumference of bowel wall is gangrenous
Mnemonic: Richie rich has a large circumference pocket of money.
Alternatively, riChter Circumference.
Littre's hernia - Hernia with Meckels's Diverticulum
Mnemonic: Meckels is a congenital defect, found in Little babies.
Sliding hernia - Posterior wall of sac is formed by colon or bladder
Maydl's hernia - 'w' hernia
Mnemonic: M upside down is W.
Phantom hernia - Localised muscle buldge following muscular paralysis
Mnemonic: Phantom for Phantom, P for Paralysis
Spigelian hernia - Through spegelian fascia
Obturator hernia - Through obturator foramen
Femoral hernia - Hernia medial to femoral vein
Beclard's hernia - Femoral hernia through saphenous opening
Why biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin? It isn't toxic, it is water soluble.. Then why convert it to bilirubin?
According to some, biliverdin works just fine. Mammals have evolved the energetically expensive, potentially harmful and apparently unnecessary capacity to reduce biliverdin.
According to others, the conversion is not a wasteful process. Bilirubin is a cytoprotectant and that's why biliverdin is converted into bilirubin. It's also a physiological anti oxidant!
Source: http://m.pnas.org/content/99/25/16093.full
Hello there awesomites! Feels great to write this for Medicowesome :-)
Where to start? Well, I am a total astrophysics geek. Anything -spacetime,dark energy, black holes, wormholes catches my fancy.That type of guy who loves staring at the starry sky. Just finds amazing how the tiny word 'universe' encompasses the massive expanse lying out there. Loves going to the point where physics meets philosophy.
Likes looking into nothing, thinking and imagining.
House MD fan. Sherlocked.
Christopher Nolan worshipper. Interstellar fanatic.
I have a thing for rare, fancy medical syndromes! Dreams include running a diagnostics department like House. :-p
Talking of music,a Linkin Park fan, like the regular Bollywood music too.
Proud of India and its rich heritage.
Hobbies include driving cars, riding bikes and even bicycling. Gaming included.
Finally, an animal lover,dreamer and a bit of foodie..
-Sushrut
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