-:Drug Doses:-

Hi everyone !
here is collection of drug doses according to their classification,Hope it helps you:)

Pericarditis, pericardial tamponade, X descent and Y descent

Hello everyone!

Here's another awesome mnemonic submitted by Aditi!

"cPAY TAX"

In constrictive pericarditis, prominent Y descent is seen (X descent is also prominent.

In pericardial tamponade, prominent X descent is seen (Y descent is absent).

Thank you so much for sending your mnemonics to us, girl! (=

Causes of triple deformity of the knee mnemonic

To remember the causes of TRIPLE DEFORMITY of knee, remember word "TRIPLE"

T - TB
R - Rheumatoid arthritis
I - Illiotibial band
P - Polio
E - Excessive bleeding

Submitted by Aditi Bhosale

Bone in bone appearance mnemonic

Remember mnemonic, "TOPDOG" for bone in bone appearance:

T - Thalassemia
O - Osteoporosis
P - Pyles disease
D - Diaphragmatic achalasia
O - Osteodysplasty
G - Gauchers disease

Submitted by Aditi Bhosale

Good prognostic factors in nerve injury mnemonic

Good prognostic factors in nerve injury.

Remember that, "NERVE is Good"

N-Neuropraxia
E-Early repair
R-Radial that is pure motor or poor sensory has best prognosis
V-Vascularity intact
E-End to end anastomosis
G- growing age

Submitted by Aditi Bhosale

Tuberculosis mnemonics

Hello!

Today's post is all about TB! :D

So many names to remember :/

Enterobius vermicularis notes & mnemonics

Enterobius vermicularis notes

Here are my notes for Enterobius vermicularis. Uploading so you guys can refer to them (:

GI Hormones: Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

Hi everyone ! So this is the 2nd post in  the series of the hormones of the GIT. 

Last post we discussed about the functions of the hormone Gastric.  This post we look at its applied aspects. And that's majorly looking into the Zollinger Ellison Syndrome. 

Hope you like it. ::)

⛔ZOLLINGER ELLISON SYNDROME⛔

■Etiology: sporadic or Associated with MEN1 SYNDROME (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome)

■TRIAD : Tumor + Hypergastrinemia + Peptic ulcerations. 

↪Tumor. = Gastrinoma. 50% gastrinomas are malignant.                                                       ○MC Site is the duodenum
○(☆MC site for PUD in general is also duodenum. So it only makes sense that for the mucosa to ulcerate there must be a local gastrin supply available ).

○2nd MC site for gastrinoma = Pancreas. Originally the tumor was defined as a non Beta cell Pancreatic tumor. 😨. Now its been realised the duodenum was the culprit all along.
○PUD and Hypergastrinemia. = due to increased gastrin secretion by the tumor, gastrin exerts an increase in the acid secretion + its trophic action on gastric mucosa. This causes erosions of gastric mucosa as well as causes hypertrophy of it (paradox). Thus we get a Hypertrophic Gastropathy + PUD.

↪S/S:
○Abdominal pain is the MC symptom . Can mimic PUD.
○2nd MC symptom is Diarrhea.
May be associated with mucosal damage due to acid leading to villous atrophy (excessive acid of stomach. Pancreatic/intestinal alkalinity may be unable to counteract. Pancreatic secretions may be compromised due to tumor)
○Heartburn
○GI bleed -- hematemesis, melena. Due to ulcer-hemorrhage. 

↪Inv:
○S.gastrin levels - >100. IOC for screening
○May follow up a positive result with gastric acid function tests
○Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy.
○Evaluate for Liver /LN mmets
○S.Calcium -- associated with MEN1.

↪Rx :
○PPI. Symptomatic treatment achieved with OMEPRAZOLE and friends.
○Can use Octreotide - Somatostatin analogue. It's a generalised inhibitor of pretty much all hormones.
○Surgical Rx of tumor advised to avoid mets

☆☆☆☆☆MEN1 --> Hyper parathyroidism , pituitary tumors ,Pancreatic tumors.
(Mnemonic : All MEN like 3 things - Pus*y, Pus*y, Pus*y. = parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas) ; 

Autosomal Dominant. cause men are dominant, lol. ¤¤ 

The next post is going to be about the only  other member in the Gastrin family -CCK PZ. 

So don't fail it to check it out. ;;) 

Bye till then. :* :D

GI Hormones: Gastrin

Hi everyone, so this is my first post in the series of GI hormones!

There are 2 families of GI hormones -

1. Gastrin family (Gastrin , CCK)

2. Secretin family (Secretin, glucagon, VIP, GIP)

Others - Motilin, Peptide YY, Substance P, Ghrelin, Guanylin

In this post, I'll be talking about one of the members of the gastrin family, gastrin itself! :D


⛔⛔GASTRIN⛔⛔

I. Produced by: 

■ G cells - enteroendocrine cells located in antral gastric mucosa.

II. Physiology of secretion:     

■ Acts via CCK-B receptor

■ Progastrin is cleaved to form 3 different residues :G 14, 17,34.

■ Sulfated and carboxylated forms also exist.

■ Amidated form is more stable.

■ G17 is principal form w.r.t. GI actions.

■ G34 has longer t1/2 than others.

■ Inactivated in SI, kidneys

III. Functions: 

■ Stimulates Gastric acid and Pepsin secretion

■ Trophic action - stimulates growth of mucosa of Gut.

IV. Regulation:

A. Factors that increase secretion of gastrin: 

■ Luminal:

- Amino Acids (Aromatic) in stomach 

- Distension

Because the job of this hormone is to bring about protein breakdown via pepsin and increase pH of the stomach, Hence it is released in response to protein and other contents entering the stomach. Tells the stomach it's time to do its job!

■ Neural:

- Vagal discharge as it secretes GRP at the postganglionic fibres.

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres in gut are stimulatory (dual ANS stimulation).. What can we do about it?

■ Bloodborne:

- Epinephrine

- Ca2+

Calcium is a universal stimulant of motility and exocytosis from glands; epinephrine = dual ans stimultion.

Factors that decrease secretion of gastrin:

■ Luminal:

- Acid

- Somatostatin

Acid tells the G cell to shut up. There's enough acidity. No need for stomach to yap.

Somatostatin keeps all other hormones in check!

■ Bloodborne:

- Secretin family (Secretin, VIP, GIP, glucagon) (archnemesis)

Applied aspects of Gastrin:
■ Normal S. Gastrin levels = upto 100pg/ml
■ Hypergastrinemia:
- Pathological Increase (eg. Gastrin secreting tumor)
- Compensatory Increase (eg. Pernicious Anemia i.e. Type A Gastritis; due to destruction of    acid secreting cells compensation with increased  gastrin.)
■ Hypogastrinemia:
- Antral loss eg. Antrectomy, Achlorhydria.
- H pylori associated ulcers/gastritis may show hypogastrinemia, but association is not very clearly established. 

My next post will be on Zollinger Ellison Syndrome.  Excited? :D I know I am 😎

Hope you guys like it. 

~ A. P. Burkholderia

Strongyloides Stercaralis Notes And Mnemonics

Hey everyone!
These are microbiology  notes made by me =) Hope it helps you ☺

"Inception"- a real thing!

Hello!

Remember the movie, "Inception" starring Leonardo DiCaprio??? Loved it.. right? :D
OK. Let me recall it for you.. Leo's character interferes with other's dreams to implant new ideas in their minds. It was a trippy plot premise. But, not entirely a Sci-Fi!!!

So, now what if I say we could do 'inception' without the subject being aware of what is being learned... "Yes, it is possible in reality now", the scientists say.

Normal AST, ALT and ALP values mnemonic

Continuing the normal values mnemonic posts :D

Today's post is on liver enzymes!

Normal SGOT, SGPT and ALP values!

Immunization schedule notes and chart

Hello!
So in these notes, I write about type of vaccine, strain used for vaccine prepration, diluent, content, dose, route, site of vaccination,strength,  protective efficacy, protective duration, contraindications, complications, age limit and storage of vaccines and special points used in the Indian immunization schedule.

It's a nice summary for those studying pediatrics, preventive and social medicine, pharmacology, microbiology and medicine. 

Stay Awesome ☺