Solitarius and ambiguus

Vagal nuclei was a hated subject to me..so bad that I would turn the page if I ever came across it.

This thing helps keep my facts straight when it comes to these horrid nuclei.. hopefully it will help you too.

Ambiguous in a literal meaning is to outshine everyone else. There are many ways to do that. The most everlasting impression you leave is how you interact to people..what to say and when to say.

That's what nucleus ambiguous helps you to achieve..these are the neurons controlling the palate, pharynx and larynx. Hence, the controller of speech :)

its the vagus, the glossopharyngeal and spinal accessory that share this nucleus

Nucleus Solitarius is for taste sensation and for the supply of carotid and aortic body chemoreceptos
Hence, it's the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve that share this particular nucleus

Psst- let me know of your way to remember this. Our ideas may be solitary..but let's make it ambiguous together :D

Sticks like a gum

I am generally against the idea of using mnemonics.. but this particular one is a life saver for me.. though stupid :D

Think of a chewing GUM, think of the times when it was stuck to your fingers..and you struggled to get rid of it.

That's how valgum..when things stick to each other.

No more worries as to what is genu valgum and genu varus.

Additional mnemonic by Subbiah: After K is L, by alphabetical order. Hence Knock knees is vaLgum.

Antibodies to stop Heart disease!

Hello everyone!

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most leading causes of death in the world today, with major risk factors not merely high cholesterol and high blood pressure but also the actual lesions being directly responsible for the disease- Atherosclerotic plaques.
Antibodies that help the immune system remove dead and dying cells have been shown to reduce atherosclerosis. 
Read further to know the "how" of that.. :D

Why use glycine in TURP?

TURP is the current standard surgical procedure for BPH. The various irrigation fluids are

NaCl- since there is use of cautery in TURP.. NaCl can be hazardous to the surgeon as well as the patient

Distilled water- while resection of prostate tissue, there is exposure of the underlying vessels..which leads to rapid absorption of the irrigating fluid. Distilled water is highly hypotonic.. which can cause widespread hemolysis.

Glycine- currently the most preferred agent. The commonly used conc is 1.5% glycine with an osmolality of 230mosmoles(plasma 285-290mosmole) At this conc the hypotonicity is balanced with the toxicity of glycine. Though it can still cause volume overload with dilutional hyponatremia..it is not as severe as with distilled water.

Dilution hyponatremia Is a dreaded complication of TURP. The management includes I.V NaCl solution (0.9% & 3%), fluid restriction and furosemide.

Other less known solutions are- Glucose , mannitol and urea
A costly but comparatively safer option is cytal( sorbitol+mannitol)..but due to cost restriction..it's not that common.

#QuizTime: Female with weakness of lower limbs

#Quiz time

A 25 year old female who is a marathoner presented to the OPD with weakness of her lower limbs. She said she isn't able to practice as her legs feel very tired. This started with her foot , about a week back, And now her entire leg feels weak.
History is otherwise insignificant , but there is a history of mild fever with a very light maculopapular rash about 4 weeks back, within a span of 3 weeks after she returned from a Running Contest in Brazil.

GI Hormones: Cholecystokinin Pancreozymin

Hi everyone ! So this is the 3rd post in  the series of the hormones of the GIT.
Last post we discussed about the Zollinger Ellison syndrome as a result of  Gastrin.  This post we look at the 2nd member of the gastrin family. Cholecystokinin PZ
Hope you like it. ::)

⛔Cholecystokinin Pancreo-Zymin ⛔

◾Produced by : I cells in mucosa of Upper SI.

◾Physiology of secretion :
○ Acts vis CCK A receptor. (Gastrin acts via CCK-B if you recollect)
○Pre-Pro-CCK fragmented into many parts.
○Multiple AA in each for, but same 5 AA at Carboxy terminal
○Also found in distal ileum and colon + Cerebral Cortex.

◾Functions : lots.

○Gall bladder motility (contraction - kinesis)
○Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion ; augments secretin's actions
○Trophic action on pancreas
○Inhibits gastric emptying
○Causes contraction of pyloric sphincter -->preventing duodenal content aspiration.
○CNS --> role in regulation of satiety/food intake, Anxiety.

________________________________________

So if you notice, this does way more things than its brother Gastrin. Now it might get a little tedious to remember. So think of it this way :
Cholecysto-kinin Pancreo-Zymin. So first part of the name is cholecysto = Gall bladder. Kinin=motility. So 1. GB motility. Next is Pancreozymin. So acting on the zymogen granules in pancreas to bring about 2. enzyme secretion. Now along with causing enzyme stimulation it'll also tell the pancreas to grow up , hence exerting a 3. trophic action. So far so good?
Now for all of this gall and pancreatic fluid to reach the intestines , the barrier of the Oddi sphincter needs to be passed. So it'll 4.relax this sphincter causing the secretions to flow freely into the gut.
This causes a lot of fluid to be present in the duodenum. Since this is in proximity to the pylorus, the pyloric sphincter will  have to be shut to prevent aspiration of alkaline duodenal stuff into the stomach, hence 5.pyloric sphincter constricts.
Finally, since it's modulating so much of the digestion , it's got receptors in the CNS that 6.stimulate/depress hunger based on the CCK levels (like more CCK indicates more food being gulped down)
I have no idea about the anxiety part. So we're gonna have to go with it. Lol.

◾Regulation :

○Factors that increase -->
□Luminal  : fatty acids (>10Carbon atoms) -as lipase from pancreas acts on lipids and gall fluid contains fat digestive bile acids + AA.
□Other : CCK-Releasing peptide (intestinal mucosa) + Monitor factor (pancreatic)
+ feedback b/w degradation and secretioPZ

◾Applications
○ CCK in the injectable form can be used as a diagnostic aid to check Gall bladder motility

○ CCK Antagonists -->
□Proglumide =Non Selective. Ulceroprotective effect. (Gut action). May increase analgesic property of Opioids and help reduce Tolerance to them (CNS Action).
□Lorglumide =Selective fir CCK A type. Gut action.
□Studies are on going to harness their potential as anti-anxiety or anorectics. (CNS actions)

:)
Next post - The secretin family.
Hope you'll are finding this helpful. Let me know if you have any doubts or suggestions. Bye until then=)

-:Drug Doses:-

Hi everyone !
here is collection of drug doses according to their classification,Hope it helps you:)

Pericarditis, pericardial tamponade, X descent and Y descent

Hello everyone!

Here's another awesome mnemonic submitted by Aditi!

"cPAY TAX"

In constrictive pericarditis, prominent Y descent is seen (X descent is also prominent.

In pericardial tamponade, prominent X descent is seen (Y descent is absent).

Thank you so much for sending your mnemonics to us, girl! (=

Causes of triple deformity of the knee mnemonic

To remember the causes of TRIPLE DEFORMITY of knee, remember word "TRIPLE"

T - TB
R - Rheumatoid arthritis
I - Illiotibial band
P - Polio
E - Excessive bleeding

Submitted by Aditi Bhosale

Bone in bone appearance mnemonic

Remember mnemonic, "TOPDOG" for bone in bone appearance:

T - Thalassemia
O - Osteoporosis
P - Pyles disease
D - Diaphragmatic achalasia
O - Osteodysplasty
G - Gauchers disease

Submitted by Aditi Bhosale

Good prognostic factors in nerve injury mnemonic

Good prognostic factors in nerve injury.

Remember that, "NERVE is Good"

N-Neuropraxia
E-Early repair
R-Radial that is pure motor or poor sensory has best prognosis
V-Vascularity intact
E-End to end anastomosis
G- growing age

Submitted by Aditi Bhosale

Tuberculosis mnemonics

Hello!

Today's post is all about TB! :D

So many names to remember :/

Enterobius vermicularis notes & mnemonics

Enterobius vermicularis notes

Here are my notes for Enterobius vermicularis. Uploading so you guys can refer to them (: