Granulomas and hematolymphoid malignancies

Granulomas are rare findings in a bone marrow of hematolymphoid malignancies. They are commoner with Hodgkin lymphoma and rarer with acute leukemias. They are most commonly non caesating epitheloid granulomas and may stain negative for tuberculosis and fungi! So, what are they really? They are believed to be a immune response to tumour antigens or to immune complexes when the patient is on treatment...
All granulomas need not be tubercular!

Branches of subclavian artery mnemonic

Hello friends,

Today let's memorise the branches of subclavian artery.

The mnemonic is  VITamin 'C ' and 'D'

Here VIT corresponds to branches arising from first part. 

'C' from second part. 

'D' from third part  of subclavian artery.

So from first part:

V - Vertebral

 I - Internal thoracic artery

T - Thyrocervical trunk or Thyroscapulocervical trunk( this makes our task easy to memorize branches of this trunk)

Thyroscapulocervical - Gives  rise to 3 arteries:

Thyro -- Inferior thyroid artery

Scapulo -- suprascapular artery

Cervical - superficial cervical artery.

From second part:

C - Costocervical trunk which gives rise to superior intercostal artery and deep cervical artery.

From third part:

D - Dorsal scapular artery.

Sometimes, instead of superficial cervical and dorsal scapular arteries arising as 2 separate arteries, there is a single branch which arises from 1 st part of subclavian artery that is Transverse cervical artery.

This artery divides into superficial ascending branch and deep descending branch as shown in the flow chart below.

Thanks for reading and do correct me if there is anything wrong.

Madhuri Reddy (Madhu)

Rash involving hands and feet mnemonic

This is the association I use to remember the organisms causing rash that includes hands and feet - You drive CARS with your hands and feet. 

CA- Coxsackie A virus

R- Rickettsia rickettsii 

S- Syphilis (secondary)

S - Staphylococcus (TSS) 

We often forget Toxic Shock Syndrome in our differential. Keep it in mind! 

That's all! 

-IkaN 

Hypervitaminosis A mnemonic

Hello!

Here's a mnemonic to remember the features of Hypervitaminosis A.

The mnemonic is, "H.A.R.D. Puzzle."
H - Hepatosplenomegaly, Hair sparse, Hyperostosis
A - Anemia, Anorexia
R - Really painful bones
D - Dry skin
Puzzle - Pseudotumor cerebri

Thank you.

MD Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)

Necrotizing Enterocolitis - Important points

Here are some high yield points about Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

1. It is the most common life threatening emergency of gastrointestinal tract in neonates.

2. Triad of - Intestinal ischemia, enteral nutrition and bacterial translocation.

3. Distal part of Ileum and proximal segment of colon are most frequently involved.

4. Coagulation necrosis is the characteristic histological finding in the intestinal specimens in Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

5. Pneumatosis intestinalis (air in the bowel) is diagnostic on X-ray.

6. Portal venous gas shadow is a sign of severe Necrotizing Enterocolitis on X-ray.

7. Most important risk factor is Prematurity.

8. Pneumoperitoneum is a sign of advanced NEC with perforation.

These points should help you in quick revision.

Thank you!

MD Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)

Lung Cancer Subtypes

Subtypes of lung cancer:-
1. Squamous cell cancer-
Most common variant in India.
Smoking is a risk factor.
Central in location.
Local growth is surgically resectable.
Cavity formation is seen.

2. Adenocarcinoma-
Most common variant of lung cancer overall.
Most common lung cancer among non smokers.
Peripheral in location.
Transbronchial spread i.e. it arises at one lobe and spreads to the another lobe.

3. Small cell carcinoma/Oat cell carcinoma-
Most aggressive variant.
Smoking is a risk factor.
Central  in location.
It exhibits micrometastasis.
It has worst prognosis.

4. Large cell carcinoma-
Observed in Non smokers.
Peripheral in location.
This is associated with Estrogen production which manifests as Gynecomastia.

I hope this will help you to distinguish between the various subtypes.

Thank you
-Md Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)

Oxalate stones in Crohn's Disease

A tricky Concept based question often asked in Medicine/Pathology MBBS Professional Exam-

Why Crohn's Disease patient often develop Kidney/Renal STONES, particularly OXALATE stones?

Tachyarrhythmias

Here are some high yielding MCQ points on arrhythmia

Most common arrhythmia mechanism is re-entry.
Most common sustained arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation.
Most common benign rhythm identified is atrial premature contraction.
Most common arrhythmia in COPD patient is multifocal atrial tachycardia.
Post operative atrial fibrillation is managed with landiolol hydrochloride.
Atrial fibrillation getting converted to ventricular fibrillation is seen with accessory pathway conducting antegradely like Bundle of Kent in WPW syndrome.
VT storm or electrical storm is  3 or more separate episodes of VT within 24 hours.
Most commonly identified arrhythmia in cardiac arrest patient is ventricular fibrillation.
Most common cause of Sudden death in HCM is polymorphic VT/Ventricular fibrillation VF.

Thank you

-Md Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)

ERAS token, AAMC account, Letter of Recommendation

My juniors and colleagues requested that I guide them through this, so ta-da, another "How to" post.

I am attaching screenshots of the process - step by step. Sorry for all the scribbling. I was too bored to Photoshop.

Viral Exanthems - Mnemonic

Mnemonic to remember the Viral Exanthems of childhood

ME gave ROSE to my BELLA after eating CHICKEN at 5 PM.

ME =MEasles
ROSE= ROSEola
BELLA = ruBELLA
CHICKEN = CHICKEN Pox
5 P= 5th disease (Parvovirus)

Thank you!
-Md Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)

Megaloblastic Anemia

1. Why do we get " Megaloblasts" in Megaloblastic anaemia?
2. Why we get anaemia in Megaloblastic anaemia?
Megaloblastic anaemia is called so due to presence of " Megaloblasts" in bone marrow.
What are " Megaloblasts" They're gigantic, abnormally BIG RBC-precursors seen in bone marrow. WHY do we see them ?
It needs some conceptual understanding.                           
Normally, RBC-precursors are big cells which divide rapidly as they mature & become progressively smaller as they divide while maturing towards mature-form of RBCs.  Now, the problem begins in Megaloblastic anaemia that this cell-division is impaired due to lack of nutrients ( Folate & Vitamin B12).  Vit B12 & Folate are critical for normal DNA synthesis & cell maturation.                                                             It's also described by a complex -term called " Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Asynchrony".
As DNA-synthesis is impaired, nuclear maturation of RBC-precursors get slowed up & could not match with the pace of cytoplasmic maturity/development. This DEFECTIVE NUCLEAR MATURATION halts cell-division & those big "MEGA" RBC-precursors remain as Big, MEGA, gigantic " Megaloblasts" in bone marrow giving the name as " Megaloblastic anaemia". Moreover, these " Megaloblasts" do NOT mature enough to get released into the peripheral blood & most RBC-precursors undergo " apoptosis " or apoptotic-death in bone marrow ..this  causes anaemia in Megaloblastic anaemia.

Hope this helps some of you to understand the basic concepts.

-Md Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)

Step 2 CK: Which Pneumococcal Vaccine to administer & when?

Brain to gut: Lets talk

Hey Awesomites

The brain and gut chat and share neurohumoral and immunologic messages with each other most of the times. That is why our emotions affect our stomach and intestines and vice versa. This healthy communication is disturbed when we are stressed out, anxious, or depressed.



Stress (more of psychological type) influences the type of bacteria inhabiting the gut, making a loss of our bowel flora diversification and increasing the concentration of harmful pathogens in the gut, thus leading to certain inflammatory and infectious processes.

Chronic flare - ups of inflammatory bowel disease result in deviation of the mood towards negative side by upto 60 percent by a process of rewiring the neuronal circuitary, called neuroplasticity. This inturn worsens the condition of gut on long-term basis.
Recent studies suggest that talk therapy - particularly cognitive behavioral therapy, and anti- depressants may be supportive in such cases to reduce the flaring up of inflammatory bowel syndrome.

In case of irritable bowel syndrome, that is a functional disorder ( without any actual organic cause ), the CBT and use of anti- depressants improve the symptoms in upto 60 percent patients. But which patients are likely to benefit still needs further research. Till then, we know that a referral for talk therapy in the patients of IBS is a must.


Thats all
- Jaskunwar Singh