Sunday, September 10, 2017
Enucleation, Evisceration & Exenteration
Saturday, September 9, 2017
Cytochrome P450 3A4
A-Amiodarone
*C-Cisapride
N-Navirs (protease inhibitors)
Tuesday, September 5, 2017
Drug interaction
Definition:-
Modification of response to one drug by another drug or non drug (like food ,beverages like alcohol,smoking) when they are administered simultaneously or in quick succession .
Factors for drug interactions:-
1.Multiple drugs for same disease.
2.Multiple prescribers.
3.Multiple diseases.
4.Poor patient compliance .
5. Drug factors like it is not palatable or too many in frequency .
6.Multiple unknown action of drugs.
7. Most imp is patients age .
Effects of drug interaction:-
1.Quantitative i.e Increase or decrease the response intensity.
2. Qualitative:- abnormal /different type of response.
Mechanism of drug interaction :-
A.Pharmacokinetic interactions include,
1.Absorption (either complex formation ,pH change ,or alteration in motility of GIT.)
2. Distribution:- (displacement from plasma protein binding site + inhibition of metabolism /or excretion)
3. Metabolism:- ( induction of enzymes or inhibition of enzymes or hepatic blood flow)
4.Excretion:- ( alteration in urine pH, Competition for active secretion ,renal blood flow)
B. Pharmacodynamic drug interactions include,
1.Antagonism
2. Summation
3.synergism
C.Drug interaction before administration:-
Either mixing before administration.
Or, exposure to light in some cases. (Like sodium nitroprusside).
-Upasana Y.
Thursday, August 31, 2017
Wednesday, August 30, 2017
Tuesday, August 29, 2017
Saturday, August 26, 2017
Immunology question
Hola awesomites!!
So, this is answer of our previous question. Lets have a look into it.
Q1)Which of the following features is not shared between T cells and B cells
a)Antigen specific Receptors
b)Class 1 MHC expression
c)Positive selection during development
d)All of the above
Answer is
C) Positive selection during development
Explanation:
Positive selection:
Site is thymic cortex.
-T cells having affinity for MHC molecules are selected since T cells having affinity for MHC molecules can interect with APC and one who don't have recognisation is killed
Negative selection:
Site:Thymic medulla
Selected T cells are sent to medulla,where there affinity for self antigens are tested.If the have affinity they are programmed to death.
Incase of B cells,if they recognize self antigens they do not undergo death instead there receptors are changed by the process called as "Receptor editing" .If receptor editing dose not take place,then apoptosis takes place.This is negative selection of immature B cells. B cells negative selection occurs in the bone marrow
Both T-cell and B-cell have TCRs and BCRs respectively.
Class I MHC is expressed on both T cells and B cells..
Stay awesome:)
~Ojas
Opioids analgesics classification + NEET notes
Lets begin.
Chemicals derived from opium or related to morphine chemically are called opiates.
1) Natural opium alkaloids
- Morphine, Codeine.
A) Acts on Mu(Causes dependency-Euphoria) , kappa(Dysphoria - Psychomimetic) and delta receptors as agonist. Hence used as supraspinal and Spinal analgesic.
B) Treatment of poisoning: Naloxone 0.4-0.8 mg i.v. repeatedly for 2-3 minutes.
C) Can be administered through oral, rectal, i.m, i.v, intrathecal, epidural routes. Used as preanaesthetic medications
D) Useful in MI and acute pulmonary edema(Both by i.v. route)
E) Contraindicated in head injury, hypothyroidism patient, pregnancy.
A) Partial agonist at mu receptor.
B) 1/10th analgesic of morphine and less efficacious.
Diacetyl morphine(Heroine), Pholcodine, Ethylmorphine.
Dextromethopran is devoid of constipating action.
A) To control shivering after anesthesia
B) Used during labour as analgesic
C) Safer in asthma.
D) Pethidine and pentazosin both are anticholinergics. Hence they causes tachycardia. Perhaps, they are contraindicated in MI but useful in biliary colic
A) Causes truncal rigidity due action on mu receptor.
B) Can be given as transdermal patch and as well as buccal transmucosal
A) Agonist action on mu receptor + blocks NMDA reuptake of monoamines and hence useful in neuropathic and cancer pain (Not controlled by morphine)
B) Can be given by oral, rectal, i.v, s.c, routes.
C) Long plasma half-life hence less dependency and tolerance. Therefore used as maintenance therapy in opioid dependency
A) It is a weak mu receptor agonist and decrease reuptake of NA and 5-HT hence used as analgesia. This is abolished by Ondasteron.