Monday, June 22, 2020
Rett syndrome notes
Thursday, April 30, 2020
Wednesday, April 29, 2020
Clinical vignette: Meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes
Listeria monocytogenes is the 3rd most common organism that causes bacterial meningitis.
Cephalosporins do not cover this gram - positive bacteria under its spectrum. More aptly saying, the cephs do not kill this bacteria. So, especially in high-risk patients such as neonates, elderly, and the immunocompromised, cephalosporins are given in combination with ampicillin, and never alone.
Ceftriaxone is avoided for use in neonates due to its decreased biliary metabolism and sludging.
The choice of ceph in neonates and other high-risk groups in the case of meningitis is cefotaxime.
That's all
- Jaskunwar Singh
Wednesday, April 8, 2020
Thursday, April 2, 2020
Saturday, February 8, 2020
Mnemonic for Galactosemia & Hereditary fructose intolerance
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Breast feeding in special cases
-HIV positive mother
-Active Pulmonary TB
-Working mothers
CONTRAINDICATION OF BREASTFEEDING :
- HIV, HTLV-1 and 2
- Inborn error of metabolism LIKE GALACTOSEMIA AND PHENYLKETONURIA
- Untreated case of tuberculosis
- Herpes lesion on mothers’ breast
- Mother on certain medication like anti-cancer drug or radioactive isotope etc.
- IS THERE ANY RELATION BETWEEN BREASTFEEDING AND RISK OF TRANSMISSION?
- DO ART HAS ANY ROLE TO DECREASE THE TRANSMISSION?
ARV INTERVENTION
|
RISK OF HIV TRANSMISSION FROM MOTHER TO CHILD
|
NO ARV BREASTFEEDING +
|
30-45%
|
NO ARV BREASTFEEDING -
|
20-25%
|
3ARVS(ART) BREASTFEEDING +
|
2%
|
3ARVS(ART) BREASTFEEDING -
|
1%
|
HOW TO KNOW THE HIV STATUS OF CHILDREN LESS THAN 18 MONTHS?
METHOD USED - DNA PCR on a DRIED BLOOD SAMPLES OF INFANT
TEST PERFORMED -
- 6 WEEKS
- 6 MONTHS
- 6 WEEKS AFTER CESSATION OF BREAST FEEDING (if being EBF)
- 18 MONTHS
PEDIATRIC COMPONENT IN PPTCT
- DURATION OF NEVIRAPINE PROPHYLAXIS TO HIV EXPOSED INFANT SHOULD BE MINIMUM OF 6 WEEKS.
- INITIATION OF BREAST FEEDING WITHIN AN HOUR OF DELIVERY AS THE PREFERED OPTION
- CONTINUE BF ATLEAST FOR 1 YEAR FOR THOSE WITH HIV -VE STATUS AND 2 YEARS FOR HIV +STATUS OF CHILDREN
- ENSURE INITIATION OF CO TRIMOXAZOLE PROPHYLACTIC THERAPY AT 6 WEEK OF AGE
MATERNAL COMPONENT IN PPTCT
“ART TO ALL PREGNANT AND BREASTFEEDING WOMEN LIVING WITH HIV “
TARGET POPULATION
|
ART REGIMEN
|
PREGNANT AND BREAST FEEDING WOMEN WITH HIV
BUT NOT ON ART
|
TDF+3TC+EFV
|
PREGNANT WOMEN AND BREAST FEEDING WOMEN WITH HIV AND RECIEVING ART
|
THE SAME ART REGIMEN MUST BE CONTINUED
|
AFASS
AFASS CRIETRIA is used to decide whether a HIV positive mother can breast feed or not provided that she has not started top feed yet.
(Why? Once the mother started to top feed the child, this criteria is not used. HIV positive mother in such case should continue top feed. Because mixed kind of feed is more dangerous than top feed alone)
- Acceptable: The mother perceives no problem in replacement feeding.
- Feasible: The mother (or family) has adequate time, knowledge, skills, resources and support to correctly mix formula or milk and feed the infant up to 12 times in 24 hours.
- Affordable: The mother and family, with community or health system support if necessary, can pay the cost of replacement feeding without harming the health or nutrition status of the family.
- Sustainable: Availability of a continuous supply of all ingredients needed for safe replacement feeding for up to one year of age or longer.
- Safe: Replacement foods are correctly and hygienically prepared and stored, and fed preferably by cup.
QUESTIONS
- Where do you get your drinking water?
- What kind of latrine/toilet do you have?
- How much money could you afford for formula each month?
Ps: calculate the amount based on the local costs
- Do you have a refrigerator with reliable power?
- Can you prepare each feed with boiled water and clean utensils?
- How would you arrange night feeds?
- Does your family know that you are HIV positive?
- Is your family supportive of milk feeding and are they willing to help
MANAGEMENT OF BABY BORN TO MOTHER WITH TUBERCULOSIS:-
- Continue exclusive breastfeeding till 6 months of age & thereafter as in normal population.
- Start ATT for mother immediately. Mother will be non infective within 2 months of regular ATT
- Preventive Chemotherapy for baby (INH 5 mg/kg/day for 6 months)
- Use face mask while around the baby, till 2 months after starting ATT.
- BCG Vaccine at birth.Something is better than Nothing!
- Re- immunized with BCG after stopping Preventive Chemotherapy.
- (Remember, it's not only mother, Anybody (with TB) around can infect the baby with Tuberculosis!)
Is ATT drug concentration in breast milk sufficient for the baby? NO
NAME OF THE GROUP
|
BREAST FEEDING
|
BARRIER METHOD
|
ISOLATION
|
BCG VACCINATION
|
IAP
|
TO CONTINUE
|
COUGH HYGIENE
|
1.IF MOTHER ON TREATMENT -NOT REQUIRED
2.IF MOTHER HOSPITALIZED, NON-ADHERENT TO THERAPY,MDR-TB - ISOLATION REQUIRED
|
AT BIRTH
OR
EVEN WITH INH PROPHYLAXIS
|
DOTS
|
ONLY IF MOTHER IS SPUTUM NEGATIVE
|
FACE MASK
|
IF MOTHER HAS ACTIVE DISEASE,NON-COMPLIANT AND HAS RECIEVED ATT PRIOR TO DDELIVERY
|
POSTPONED
OR DONE
WITH INH RESISTANT OF BCG VACCINE
|
AAP
|
ONLY IF MOTHER IS ON ATT
|
FACE MASK
|
MDR -TB AND NON COMPLIANT
|
GIVE BCG IN THESE MDR TB MOTHER
|
WHO
|
TO CONTINUE
|
FACE MASK
|
MDR -TB
|
INH THERAPY COMPLETED THEN AFTER 2 WEEK OF COMPLETION BCG VACCINE GIVEN
|
For How long can expressed breast milk is stored?
AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
|
8-10 HOURS
|
IN A REFRIGERATOR
|
24 HOURS
|
IN A DEEP FREEZER (-20 degree)
|
3 MONTHS
|
HAPPY STUDYING !
-UPASANA Y.
Sunday, August 4, 2019
Tetralogy of Fallot: The Basics
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Friday, July 19, 2019
Authors diary: Are you ready for solo practice?
"Are you ready for solo practice?"
My father read out the topic from a WhatsApp forward he had received.
I was drinking tea, with all the absent-mindedness of a resident who barely has the luxury to sit down and have said cup of tea.
I stared at my father aghast, wondering where this daunting question sprung from, till he elaborated that it was the topic of an essay competition.
As I read through the message myself I corrected him, "That’s not what it says! It's asking whether you're adequately trained for solo practice in the future."
"Your future is just a couple of years away. Will you be ready by then?" he asked.
"I don’t know about ready, but I’m sure I’ll be adequately trained," I answered.
He nodded and after a beat, leaned in and asked,
"But have you really thought about it yet?" ((And what makes you so sure? Have you really thought about it yet?))
That got me thinking indeed.
As a year old paediatrician, the most important lesson I learnt was how much there was to
learn. My days were spent working with any time off work spent catching up on missed sleep. I felt like I whizzed
through my first year, barely retaining any of the knowledge I was expected to glean as an intern. Being a houseman had felt like operating at spinal level, for the lack of there being a synaptic level
any lower than that. Perhaps I wasn't ready at all.
My face seemed to betray my thoughts as my father interrupted them. "Instead of lamenting over what you haven’t learnt," he asked kindly, as if reading my thoughts, "Why don’t you try and think about how much you have?"
Convinced that I had learnt nothing of value anyway, I decided to humour him nevertheless. I spoke about my housemanship month by month, about what each sick child and each hopeful parent had taught me. A resident doctor in a busy municipal hospital barely gets time for their own basic life needs like food, sleep, or even a bath (and needless to say, sleep always takes priority!). Most of what we learn is on the go. Nobody gets enough time to go back and read about the cases we've seen in the ward. Thankfully the vast number of cases and immense workload ensures that we at least know how to manage basic ailments that a child presents with.
However amidst putting orders, histories, and ensuring investigations for so many patients, we forget to learn about the little things - how to allay a parent's concerns about their child, how important the so called 'cosmetic' part of our practice is. Of course, all these concerns are still things that can be worked on if one can put their heart into it.
And yet, are we being adequately trained to do this for future solo practice? The answer, shockingly, is a resounding no.
Add to this, we're barely trained to make decisions by ourselves, especially when there are so many seniors waiting to teach us, guide us, and by extension, take responsibility for our actions. How is one supposed to adjust to suddenly being so independent?
In a tertiary care setting, we are used to sending out references left, right, and centre. We fail to learn the basics of anything that would result in us putting even one toe out of our own speciality and instead rely on the services of others, who are just a single written call away. It's very obvious that this is not going to be the case when one starts practising by oneself.
Another important thing that nobody teaches you in residency is how to ask for remuneration for our services. Being employees of the state or the corporation, we are used to working endlessly for a fixed salary being ddeposited in our accounts each month. As a result, we fail to realise our worth in monetary terms, there being a certain amount of guilt with each patient we charge. Maybe this is something we realise only after getting into private practice, where taking care of every patient is translated into putting food on our own plate. At this stage in life, while I hope I wouldn't underestimate and thus undercharge for my abilities, I really don't know what that would be like be like.
So, coming back to the question that started it all - no, I am not adequately trained for future solo practice. And no, I am not ready for it either. But two years down the line, I have hope for the former statement. And as for the latter? Well, I believe that at least that "I'm not ready." will transform into" I'm not ready...yet. But I'm willing to stick around till the day I am."
Written by Aditi
Friday, March 8, 2019
Useful Pediatrics mobile apps
Saturday, September 22, 2018
Congenital syphilis picmonic
With reference to this post: http://www.medicowesome.com/2017/03/buzz-words-for-congenital-syphilis.html
Monday, September 3, 2018
Apgar score in preterm infants
This score tells you about the well being by evaluating cardiac,respiratory and nervous system of a newborn.
May be in future new components will be added to use this score in evaluation of preterm infants.
Tuesday, May 15, 2018
AFASS criteria
AFASS CRIETRIA is used to decide whether a HIV positive mother can breast feed or not provided that she has not started top feed yet.
(Why? Once the mother started to top feed the child, this criteria is not used. HIV positive mother in such case should continue top feed. Because mixed kind of feed is more dangerous than top feed alone)
Acceptable: The mother perceives no problem in replacement feeding. Potential problems may be cultural, social, or due to fear of stigma and discrimination.
Feasible: The mother (or family) has adequate time, knowledge, skills, resources and support to correctly mix formula or milk and feed the infant up to 12 times in 24 hours.
Affordable: The mother and family, with community or health system support if necessary, can pay the cost of replacement feeding without harming the health or nutrition status of the family.
Sustainable: Availability of a continuous supply of all ingredients needed for safe replacement feeding for up to one year of age or longer.
Safe: Replacement foods are correctly and hygienically prepared and stored, and fed preferably by cup.
Source: http://motherchildnutrition.org/info/afass-principles.html (Click to know what all questions are asked)
-Upasana Y.:)
Monday, April 30, 2018
Conjunctival xerosis mnemonics
Hello everyone today let's discuss the causes and treatment of conjunctival xerosis.
So basically there are two types of conjunctival xerosis.
a. Epithelial xerosis
b. Parenchymatous xerosis
Epithelial xerosis.
The most common example is Xerophthalmia i.e. Vitamin A deficiency.
Let us discuss Xerophthalmia.
The cause of vitamin A deficiency is mostly its dietary deficiency or defective absorption.
The new WHO classification of Xerophthalmia
XN: Night Blindness
X1A: conjunctival xerosis
X1B: bitots spots
X2: corneal xerosis
X3A: keratomalacia <1/3rd of cornea
X3B: keratomalacia >1/3rd of cornea
XS: corneal scar
XF: fundal changes – known as Uyemura spots, these are defects in the Retinal
Pigment Epithelium.
Treatment:
It consists of local ocular therapy with artificial tears along with vitamin A therapy.
Schedule for vitamin A is as follows :
>1 year of age – 1lakh IU i.m. given on 0 1 14 days
OR
2lakh IU orally given on 0 1 14 days
<1 year of age – half the dose.
This has to be carried along with treatment of underlying causes like malnutrition or other disorders like diarrhoea dehydration.
Other causes of night blindness:
1. High myopia
2. Late stage of angle closure glaucoma
3. Oguchi syndrome
4. Gyrate atrophy of choroid
5. Retinitis pigmentosa
Parenchymatous Xerosis
It mainly involves the adenoid layer of the conjunctiva.
It can take place due two main reasons holla! We have a mnemonic here
1. Due to cicatrizing disorders (cicatrizing disorders turn conjunctiva reasonably shrivelled)
2. Due to over exposure to atmosphere ( marked exposure causes parenchymatous xerosis)
Cicatrizing disorders
1. Cicatricial phemphigoid
2. Diptheric membranous conjunctivitis
3. Trachoma
4. Chemical burns
5. Radiotherapy
6. Stevens-johnson syndrome
Overexposure to atmosphere
1. Marked proptosis
2. Ectropion
3. Coma (lack of blinking)
4. Palsy of cranial nerve 7 (facial palsy)
That’s all for now,
Stay Awesome!
Keep calm and keep studying!
- Ashish G. Gokhale
Wednesday, April 4, 2018
Saturday, February 17, 2018
Kallman syndrome mnemonic
Kallman Syndrome (also known as Olfactogenital dysplasia/syndrome or anosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)
Let's get down with the mnemonics!
'Kallman' kinda rhymes with 'Tallman', right? Well, "man" for it's more common in boys and Tall these individuals are of normal or even increased height (Tall).
The other features are:
K - kinda looks like an X so it's X-linked
K also sounds like C for Colorblindness
A - anosmia
L - lip (cleft lip and cleft palate)
N - nerve deafness
A - ataxia (cerebellar ataxia)
M - midline defects (cleft palate, cleft lip)
Other important points are:
- The defect is in the KAL gene which codes for the protein anosmin.
- It can be due to autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance.
That's all!
Stay awesome
This post is written by Nikhil as part of the MSGAI.
Monday, January 22, 2018
Interesting physical exam finding in Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Here's a cool fact that someone I absolutely adore shared with me: The Pediatricians call Henoch-Schonlein purpura as, “Butt-itis” because the rash frequently coalesces on the pressure points and is gravity dependent, in other words, on the buttock!
Thursday, January 11, 2018
Henoch Schonlein purpura
HSP is also known as Anaphylactoid purpura.
• Most common vasculitis in children.
• Most common Leucocytoplastic vasculitis.
It predominantly affects small vessels (venules, capillaries, arterioles).
It is usually self limited but may progress to end stage renal disease.
Clinical features:
1) Skin: rash, palpable purpura (non-thrombocytopenic purpura).
2) Joints: arthritis, arthalgia.
3) Kidneys: glomerulonephritis (proteinuria, hematuria).
° Severe renal failure occurs in about 1-2%, characterized by crescenteric glomerulonephritis which is treated with intravenous methyl prednisolone.
4) GIT : colicky abdominal pain.
On investigation: total Ig A increases.
Renal biopsy: mesangial Ig A deposits.
Treatment: conservative treatment
Oral prednisolone may be given.
Thanks for reading.
Madhuri Reddy.