Secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis mnemonic

How to remember diseases associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - Remember the letter H!

Hodgkins lymphoma and minimal change disease

Fact for the day: Hodgkins lymphoma is associated with minimal change disease.

Complications of nephrotic syndrome

Complications of nephrotic syndrome:

Infection with encapsulated bacteria, varicella (Vaccinate before or during treatment with high dose steroids)

Thromboembolism due to decreased antithrombin III (Prophylactic anticoagulation is not recommended unless patient has had a thromboembolic event, albumin < 2 g/dL, fibrinogen > 6 g/L, antithrombin < 70%)

Hypovolemia, anascara, renal insufficiency.

Increased risk of early atherosclerosis due to hyperlipidemia.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

MEN are autosomal dominant syndromes.

They are classified as-

1. MEN 1 ( Wermer syndrome)
Pituitary, pancreas & Parathyroid adenomas.

2. MEN 2
a) 2A (Sipple syndrome)
Hyperparathyroidism, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and pheochromocytoma.
b) 2B
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, pheochromocytoma, and mucosal ganglioneuromatosis.

Related post: MEN syndrome mnemonic

Step 2 CK: Types of incontinence mnemonic

Here's a short post on types of incontinence. It is important to know for step 2 CK as well as step 2 CS!

Local anaesthetics - What's in a name?

Personally I am very bad at remembering weird names. I feel like I am being bullied, horribly tortured for the sins I have committed whenever I have to deal with learning names.

Anyways chuck remembering stupid names, we will be smart and figure out a way to remember them..without trying too hard. Like using Google maps to reach a place through shortcuts :D

So Aminoesters and aminoamides are the two types of local anaesthetic in use.

You just need to remember that the esters has only one letter "I" and the amides has two letter "I"

Also that the esters can be effectively neutralised by the cholinesterase in plasma, that's pretty nice cause these substances are known to cause allergic reactions.

Just for the sake of naming.
The highly unstable esters are..
Procaine
Chlorprocaine
Tetracaine
Benzocaine
Cocaine

And again just for the sake of completing this post-
Lidocaine
Mepivacaine
Prilocaine
Bupivacaine
Etidocaine
Ropivacaine

They are dreadful I agree..but "I" will save the day :D

Laughing gas aka Nitrous oxide

Some random facts about nitrous oxide

1. Discovered by preistly

2. Cylinder colour blue

3. Stored as a liquid ( critical temp 36.5 C )

4. Aka laughing gas

5. Not metabolised in the body

6. In anaesthesia it acts as a carrier to other agents..used in conc of 33%O2 + 66%N20 + 1% inhalational agent

7. For every one mole of nitrogen removed, 35 moles of N2O enters..that means compliant spaces in our body take in more gas with increased in pressure..therefore nitrous oxide is constraindicated in these situations.

  Pneumothorax
  Pneumoperitoneum
  Tympanaplasty
  Posterior fossa surgeries ( high risk of air embolism)
  Intestinal obstruction
  Microlaryngeal surgeries ( N2O diffuses through the tube cuff and double or triple the volume of the cuff leading to laryngospasm)

8. Side effects - it can lead
   Bone marrow aplasia
   Sub acute degeneration of spinal cord
  Megaloblastic anaemia
( It inactivates B12 if used for more than 6 hrs in a surgery )

- happy studying
Sakkan :)

 

Mnemonic for foramen of cranial nerves

Here are awesome notes drawn by Mini on foramina for passage of cranial nerves:

Mnemonic for foramen of cranial nerves

Edward syndrome notes and mnemonic

Hello!

So here's how Yeshwanth remembers the features of Edwards syndrome.. He thinks of Accelerate from Ben 10!

Here are his notes:

Gout and pseudogout mnemonic

Hello!

Remember N for Gout:
N for Na urate crystals
N for Negative refringent crystals on polarised microscopy
N for Needle shaped crystals

Patau syndrome notes

These were submitted by Yeswanth Gopisetti

Montegia and galezzia fractures mnemonic

Hello everyone! 

In today's post, I'll be sharing a mnemonic on Monteggia and Galezzia fractures! 

U for ulna in Monteggia  

R for radius in Galezzia 

Also, U in Monteggia is at the Upper end of ulna. 

R in Galezzia is at the lower end of radius. 

Another mnemonic is M for Monteggia, M for the medial bone, which is ulna! 

Submitted by DoctorWizard 

Ketamine- A new antidepressant!

Hello!

Remember those conventional classes of drugs used for treating major depressive disorders?? Well, now I have a better one. Ketamine!
Haha yea trust me... this commonly used anaesthetic, analgesic, hallucinogenic drug has got its place in another class of drugs- The anti-depressants. :D