=> the bugs are:
Cholera (Vibrio Cholera)
Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis)
Moctezuma's revenge (a fancy name of heat labile entertotoxigenic E.coli, ETEC)
Pertussis (Bordetella Pertussis)
-Murad
Hello!
Here's a post on the association between renal stones and pH of urine.
Which stones form in acidic urine?
Mnemonic: It's pretty simple, stones which have "weak acids" as a component.
Uric ACID
Calcium oxalate (Oxalic ACID)
Cysteine (Which is an Amino ACID)
PS: This is just a mnemonic.
Which stones form in alkaline urine?
Calcium Phosphate
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate
That's all!
-IkaN
Atherosclerosis location mnemonic
"A Cholesterol Plaque In Circles"
Most commonly involved vessels in decreasing order is:
Abdominal Aorta (especially around ostia - openings of major branches)
Coronary Artery
Popliteal Artery
Internal Carotid (especially at carotid sinus)
- Submitted by Murad
Here are some fun facts about Ocular Toxoplasmosis and HIV!
Ocular toxoplasmosis usually causes a retinal lesion with inflammation, giving the classical "headlight in the fog" appearance.
Headlight is the lesion and the fog is due to the inflammation (WBCs).
HIV being an immunodeficient condition, there are lesser number of WBCs and hence there's no fog - Just the headlight.
The drug of choice for treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis is pyrimethamine.
However, it is contraindicated in pregnancy and HIV due to the risk of megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects, respectively.
In pregnancy, spiramycin is preferred.
In HIV, the preferred drugs are clindamycin, azithromycin or quinolones.
- Written by Dr²
Hola awesomites!!
So, this is answer of our previous question. Lets have a look into it.
Q1)Which of the following features is not shared between T cells and B cells
a)Antigen specific Receptors
b)Class 1 MHC expression
c)Positive selection during development
d)All of the above
Answer is
C) Positive selection during development
Explanation:
Positive selection:
Site is thymic cortex.
-T cells having affinity for MHC molecules are selected since T cells having affinity for MHC molecules can interect with APC and one who don't have recognisation is killed
Negative selection:
Site:Thymic medulla
Selected T cells are sent to medulla,where there affinity for self antigens are tested.If the have affinity they are programmed to death.
Incase of B cells,if they recognize self antigens they do not undergo death instead there receptors are changed by the process called as "Receptor editing" .If receptor editing dose not take place,then apoptosis takes place.This is negative selection of immature B cells. B cells negative selection occurs in the bone marrow
Both T-cell and B-cell have TCRs and BCRs respectively.
Class I MHC is expressed on both T cells and B cells..
Stay awesome:)
~Ojas