Thursday, May 27, 2021
Immunofluorescence patterns in glomerular diseases notes and mnemonics
Treatment options for latent tuberculosis mnemonic
Fact of the day - hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis
Hi!
Hypercalcemia and hypervitaminosis-D is seen in patients with sarcoidosis and other granulomatous inflammatory conditions. This is because the granulomatous macrophages have high 1-alpha hydroxylase activity --> high levels of 1,25-OH2 vitamin D (calcitriol), produced in addition to this enzyme's normal activity in the kidneys.
That's all
- Jaskunwar Singh
Tuesday, May 25, 2021
Salter-Harris classification of fractures
Depending on the extent and the structures involved, there are 5 types as follows:
Basal Ganglia Circuit
Hello everyone! Confusing loop has now simplified look! 👀
First of all, Basal ganglia receives cortical input, provides negative feedback to cortex to modulate movement.
3 things must be remembered.
- SNc (Substantia nigra) input to the striatum via the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway releases GABA.
- Dopamine binds to D1 , stimulating the excitatory pathway, and to D2 , inhibiting the inhibitory pathway.
- Pathways from Thalamus to Motor cortex & from Motor cortex to Basal ganglia - “Stimulatory”
That’s why this circuit is important in voluntary movements and adjusting posture.
Here is my attempt to simplify this circuit through a drawing. By understanding that you’ll never forget it!
- I-N-hibitory pathway goes through Gp-I & N-ucleus(Subthalamic)!
- If BG output = +, then increased motor activity
- If BG output = -, then decreased motor activity
Thank you! 🩺
Sunday, May 23, 2021
Ehler-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) - High yield only
Hi! So let's learn EDS together. I've tabled a list of high-yield points of all the types of EDS. It requires little bit of revision but once you get a pictorial familiarity you should be able to recall them all.
Have fun!
- They are all Autosomal Dominant.
- They have common Clinical features - skin HYPERelasticity, joint HYPERmobility and HYPER (easy) bruising.
- Go serially, Classical has the first 2, Type I and II and HYPERmobile is III and lastly Vascular is type IV
- Vascular type has additionally - arterial & uterine rupture.
- EDS types with enzyme defects are Autosomal Recessive. So, 4 and 6 are AR.
- Kyphoscoliotic EDS is Type VI (K rearranged is a V and I)
- For the last 2, mnemonic is ABCD😛 Arthrochalasia VII a, b and VII c is Dermatosparaxis.
- KyphoSCOLIOTIC EDS - defective lysyl hydroxylase (=> abnormal cross linking of collagen or KOLLAGEN => think of bones 🦴 => congenital SCOLIOSIS)
- ARTHROchalasia is COL IA (1st letter is A) and hence presents with severe JOINT hyper mobility.
- DERMATospARaxis is AR and a defective Procollagen-N-peptidase and presents with CUTIS laxa. (Cuties are Pros ;)
Thursday, May 20, 2021
Types of COVID-19 antibody tests
Wednesday, May 19, 2021
Cancer Screening - US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines
As the saying goes - "Awareness is Power in a world where information is everywhere", lets quickly learn the USPSTF recommended guidelines for Cancer screening
CANCER | SCREENING MODALITY | AGE GROUP |
Breast Cancer |
| Women aged 50 to 74 yrs |
Cervical Cancer |
or
or
| Women aged 21 to 29 yrs Women aged 30 to 65 yrs |
Lung Cancer |
| Adults aged 50 to 80 yrs |
Colorectal Cancer |
| Adults aged 45 to 75 yrs |
P.S. - USPSTF now recommends screening for Colorectal cancer in adults aged 45 to 75 years
- Padma Sri Katikaneni
Tuesday, May 18, 2021
Fact of the day - Athlete's heart
Hi!
Athlete's heart - physiologic eccenteric hypertrophy (cardiac remodeling) - changes include resting bradycardia, higher cardiac output with exercise, dilatation of LV cavity size with hypertrophy of myocytes compared to normal heart.
vs pathologic hypertrophy in case of systolic heart failure, aortic/mitral regurgitation, dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM) (volume overload conditions).
LV systolic ejection fraction is normal - low-normal in athletes.
(vs HCM- high, DCM- low)
HCM is a common cause of death in athletes, especially those with family history.
That's all
- Jaskunwar Singh
METABOLIC SYNDROME - MNEMONIC
BE AWARE of THE HIGH SUGARS
(3 or more of the following : diagnosis of Metabolic syndrome)
Blood Pressure >/=130/85mmHg
Abdominal obesity ( waist circumference) > 40 inches in males; >35 inches in females
Triglycerides >/=150 mg/dl
HDL cholesterol < 40mg/dl in males; < 50mg/dl in females
Fasting blood Sugars >/=100mg/dl
Hope this helps:)
- Padma Sri Katikaneni
Megalencephaly mnemonic
Monday, May 17, 2021
COMMON METASTASES - MNEMONICS
LIVER Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Big Liver
Colon, Stomach, Pancreas, Breast, Lung
BONE Permanently Relocated Tumours Like Bones
P.S. - FOUR CARCINOMAS ROUTE HEMATOGENOUSLY!
(Follicular carcinoma thyroid, Choriocarcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Hepatocellular Carcinoma)
Hope these mnemonics help!
Feel free to add any more fun mnemonics :)
- Padma Sri Katikaneni