Adamantinoma

Hello awesome people !
Today's topic is - ADAMANTINOMA ! (and no it's not what would only happen to Wolverine! Haha see what I did there ?! )

1)Also known as Ameloblastoma (Ameloblasts are enamel forming cells), Eve's disease (looks like ADAM & EVE had a tiff over who'd name it, and clearly it was a draw! :p)

2) Its a benign tumor, but behaves like a malignant one, it metastasizes to lungs. (so wanna be)

3) Sites : #Mandible (most common site) (anyone else going weak in the knees seeing Hugh Jackman's jawline?, cool now you'll remember it better!)
Talking of knees, #Tibia is the 2nd most common site !
#Pituitary because the stalk of pituitary and enamel arise from oral epithelium

3) Slow growing tumor, with multiple cystic spaces...patients often complain of falling teeth or fracture mandible :(

4) X ray shows a "Honeycomb" appearence

5) Treatment? Well since this tumor is very "Adamant" simple curettage will cause recurrence, hence we do a wide excision (1cm margin)...Sometimes a Hemimandibulectomy may have to be done! (Sounds like what Wolverine would do to his enemies!)
All the Wolverine fans put your hands up and read this again !!  :p
That's about it !!
-PP

Top 10 series: Phenytoin

Hello!

Here are top 10 facts about of phenytoin.

Ulnar nerve

Ulnar nerve
Nerve root :C7-T1.
Key points :
On the back of medial epicondyle of humerus ulnar nerve can be palatable it produces tingling sensations Hence humerus is called as "Funny bone".
Ulnar nerve is not a content of Cubital fossa .
Remember:Ulnar nerve supplies total 15 muscles  in hand!
 
3 hypothenar eminence ,medial 2 lumbricals ,4 dorsal and 4 Palmer interossei and ADDuctor pollicis
Palmaris brevis
Forearm(Read carefully don't get confused)
Medial half of flexor digitorum profundus(Thinking about lateral half ??!!! Well ,it is supplied by Median nerve )
Flexor carpi ulnaris (Thinking about extensor carpi ulnaris ?! Read  carefully ,Supplied by radial nerve)
Clinical anatomy:
1)Musician nerve
2)Ulnar nerve lesion at the wrist :Ulnar claw hand which shows
a)Hyperextension at metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion at the interphalangeal joints ,involving ring and little fingers (Little finger is held in extension by extensor muscles )
b)Sensory loss is confined to the medial one third of the palm and medial one and a half fingers including nail bed .Medial half of dorsum of hands also shows Sensor loss
c)Vasomotor changes :Skin is warmer due to arteriolar dilation ,it is also drier due to absence of sweating because of loss of sympathetic supply.
d)Trophic changes:Long standing cases of paralysis lead to dry and scaly skin .The nails crack easily
It should be noted that median nerve lesions are more disabling.In contrast ,Ulnar nerve lesions leave a relatively efficient hand

Principal cell: How to remember it's function and location in the nephron

Principal cell

Top 10 series: Cyclophosphamide

And here's A. P. Burkholderias fav drug - Cyclophosphamide!

ENT instruments contents page

Hey, so because the contents page has expanded so much, I thought of making sub sections within the contents page for a few topics.

Here's the mini contents page for ENT instruments, this post is linked to the main contents page :)

Top 10 series: Rifampicin

Introducing a new series of videos :D

Hope you like them!

Chronic complications of pulmonary tuberculosis mnemonic

Chronic complications of pulmonary tuberculosis

Pulmonary complications-  HE CAL BOB
H- Haemoptysis
E- Emphysema
C- Cor pulmonale
A- Aspergilloma/ Atypical MTB
L- Lung calcification
B- Bronchiectasis
O- Obstructive pulmonary disease
B- Bronchopleural fistula

Extra- pulmonary complications- PALE
P- Poncet's polyarthritis
A- Anorectal fistula/ Amyloidosis
L- Laryngitis
E- Empyema necessitans/ Enteritis


Thats all
- Jaskunwar Singh

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus notes

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus

This viral infection is associated with a previous childhood exposure to varicella zoster (chickenpox) which remains hidden within and becomes active later in life when immune functions of the body weaken.

GUYS, did you check First Aid 2017? We are Super Proud of you IkaN!!!

Beloved Awesomites, I have a super-awesome announcement to make today regarding our Founder IkaN aka Nakeya Khozema Dewaswala.

She is the Image and Illustration editor in the recently released world famous medical book, First Aid 2017!!!

We are super proud of you sis, especially you being the only representative from South Asia in the book for this edition! We always knew you are an amazing medical student, but you proved you are totally exceptional with this feat.

This is another step toward your success sis. You are an inspiration to thousands and thousands of medical students around the world, and a living proof that if you want something, and if you struggle for it, you will certainly get it!

Me, myself am so lucky to have known you personally and be called as your bro, and I know, more than you have an AWESOME brain, you have an AWESOME heart! (Isn’t this why we love her a lot, Awesomites?)

Keep inspiring us sis! We at the Author Panel of Medicowesome, and the whole thousands of Medicowesome members, would like to congratulate you, and wish you all the very best in your all future endeavors!

Yours,

Jay :) 

On behalf of the Author Panel of Medicowesome

P.S. - Special thanks to Krupal Patel in Medicowesome Whatsapp group who brought picture to our attention! :) 

Restless leg syndrome notes

RLS symptoms:
Urge to move legs
Symptoms begin with rest
Relief on movement

Associated with:
Anemia
Pregnancy
Renal failure
Peripheral neuropathy

Pathogenesis:
Disordered dopamine function in association with abnormal iron metabolism

Treatment:
Sleep hygiene
Pramipexole, ropinirole
Iron for IDA

That's all!
-IkaN

Membranous and pseudo-membranous conjunctivitis notes

Pseudo-membranous conjunctivitis: mild form
Membranous conjunctivitis: severe form

Causative agents:
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Beta- hemolytic streptococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria gonorrheae

Associated conditions:
Erythema multiforme
Stevens- Johnson syndrome

Pseudomembranous:
- Lid swelling
- mucopurulent bloody discharge
- white membrane
- easily peel off without bleeding

Membranous:
- Lids are hardened
- semisolid exudates: result in necrosis of conjunctiva and cornea
- difficult to peel off
- associated with bleeding from the undersurface

Important points to be noted:-
- The membrane forms more commonly over palpebral conjunctiva beginning from the edge of lid.
- There is enlarged preauricular lymph nodes with suppurative discharge.
- Marginal corneal ulcer due to secondary infection (especially streptococci).
- high risk of symblephron (adhesion between palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva)

Treatment:
- Penicillin (10,000 units/ ml) is the doc for acute diphtherial infection. Systemic administration and a quick injection of anti- diphtheritic serum (4,000- 10,000 units BD) 
- Removal of the membranes is not advised because of the risk of adhesion (symblephron).
- Local and systemic administration of bacitracin and penicillin is recommended in case of streptococcal infection.

Pseudotumor cerebri notes

Pseudotumor cerebri

Associated with:
Obesity
Vitamin A toxicity

Signs and symptoms:
Headache
Sixth nerve palsy
Visual field defects
Pulsutile tinnitus

Diagnosis:
Papilledema
To rule out space occupying lesions - CT / MRI normal
Most accurate - Lumbar puncture with opening CSF pressure measurement

Treatment:
Weight loss
Acetazolamide
Surgery

Why does increased ICP cause 6th nerve (Abducens) palsy?
Increased ICP can result in downward displacement of the brainstem, causing stretching of the sixth nerve secondary to its location within  Dorello's canal.

That's all!
-IkaN