My friend had difficulty remembering whether dreams can be recalled from REM sleep or NREM sleep.
I have a mnemonic!
REM REMembers nightmares.
Similarly, NREM does Not REMember night terrors.
That's all!
The North remembers.
-IkaN
My friend had difficulty remembering whether dreams can be recalled from REM sleep or NREM sleep.
I have a mnemonic!
REM REMembers nightmares.
Similarly, NREM does Not REMember night terrors.
That's all!
The North remembers.
-IkaN
Eagles Syndrome also known as Styalgia is due to elongated process or calcification of the styohyoid ligament.
Symptoms-
1. Pain in tonsillar fossa and upper neck which radiates to upper neck which gets aggrevated during swallowing.
2. Dysphagia
Diagnosis-
1. Transoral palpitation of the styloid process in tonsillar fossa.
2. X Ray of lateral view of skull or AP view with open mouth.
Treatment-
Many people may remain asymptomatic and do not need treatment.
Symptomatic patients may need excisition of styloid process by transoral or cervical approach.
Hope this helps!
Ashita Kohli
So this is just a very interesting fun fact.
When a person has a Direct Inguinal Hernia along with an Indirect Inguinal hernia , the person is said to have a Dual / Pantaloon/ Romberg / Saddle bag hernia.
Tried a lot to find out why the name is 'Pantaloon'. Pantaloon = Saggy pants or a Foolish old man. So take your pick !
That's all!
Happy studying!
Stay Awesome.
~ A.P.Burkholderia
Here's a short discussion post on Placenta Previa Etiology.
So Placenta Previa is a dangerous condition that presents with bleeding after 28 weeks up to the 1st stage of labour. (So it could so happen that the baby needs to tear it open and come out - as it may cover the Os. Hence Previa , where Previa means 'In front of'. Of course the reality being that the placenta gets compressed and results in fetal Hypoxia along with bleeding ).
The main pathology is that the Placental gets abberantly deposited / implanted in the lower uterine segment in stead of the upper.
This could be due to :
1. Decidual area being defective in the upper segment (Due to maternal age , Multiparity, Curretage or Cesearan section in the past).
2. Large placenta - due to which some part may encroach over the lower segment. (Multiple pregnancy, Smoking etc).
Here's a way to remember the risk / etiological factors for this condition.
Risk Factors for Placenta Previa -
Mnemonic : M4 C3
M - Maternal Age - Decidua becomes weaker with age so the placenta ends up encroaching over the lower segment.
M - Multiparity (Similar reason. Especially in a grand multi para)
M - Multifetal pregnancy (Twins etc. There's less space in the fundal area hence gets lodged in the lower segment)
M - Maternal Serum AFP (Indicates high/persistent Chorionic activity - essentially invades into more and more of the Endometrium.)
C - Curretage - in the past if done , damages the uterine layer making the upper segment defective.
C - Caeserean sections in the past / other operations on the Endometrium/myometrium - Makes the uterus defective.
C - Cigarette smoking - causes Hypoxia to the baby leading to Placental Hypertrophy - larger placenta occupies larger area and may encroach downwards.
Hope this helped !
Stay Awesome and
Happy Studying !
~ A.P.Burkholderia
Doubt: Why does torn meniscus present with inability to extend the knee? I don't understand the anatomy correlation.
If there is complete tear, the meniscus (a piece of it) gets dislodged. It gets stuck in the knee joint.
This causes:
Inability to extend the knee.
Pain on extension of the knee.
Why is it called "bucket handle"?
A bucket handle meniscus tear represents a complete tear of the mensicus support or the ligament that holds the meniscus in place. This allows the meniscus to flop over like the handle on a bucket. When the meniscus flips over it becomes stuck in the middle of the knee joint, you lose the ability to fully straighten the knee then you have a “locked knee”.
Explained by Dr. Mustufa Poonawala
Meaning of valgus: A deformity involving oblique displacement of part of a limb away from the midline.
Doubt: Why is genu valgum knock knees? The knees (genu) are displaced towards the midline!
Answer: It's not the knees we consider during the deformity... It's the relationship of distal part with the proximal part at a joint.
Mnemonic: L in vaLgum is for Lateral displacement.
(Conversely, varuM is medial displacement.)
That's all!
Hate the inaccurate naming.
-IkaN
Suppose there is an obstruction to cerebral venous drainage in the left side, and u r doing an LP with manometry. If u occlude the left internal jugular vein, there will be no change in pressure but if u do it on the right side, there will be increase in csf pressure.
Hello!
Let's learn/revise.
The vagus nerve exerts several homeostatic influences, including enhancing gut motility, reducing heart rate, and regulating inflammation.
Central to this pathway is the understanding of neurally controlled anti-inflammatory pathways of the vagus nerve.
This neurally mediated anti-inflammatory pathway allows for a rapid response to inflammatory stimuli and also for the potential regulation of early proinflammatory mediator release, specifically tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
Vagus nerve activity in the presence of systemic inflammation may inhibit cytokine activity and reduce injury from disease processes such as pancreatitis, ischemia and reperfusion, and hemorrhagic shock.
This activity is primarily mediated through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on immune mediator cells such as tissue macrophages.
Furthermore, enhanced inflammatory profiles are observed after vagotomy, during stress conditions.
Let's learn Together!
-Medha.
The common causes of greenish discolouration of urine are :
(1) Phenol containing compounds: Promethazine, Propofol, Thymol,
(2) Dyes: Indigo-blue, Indigo carmine, Carbolic acid, Flavin derivatives,
(3 Biliverdin (in cases of long standing obstructive jaundice),
(4) Amitryptyline (anti-depressant),
(5) Pseudomonas infection,
(6) Cemetidine,
(7) Indomethacin,
(8) Methylene blue (bluish )
Here's my way out of the necrotising vasculitis. Pan intended ;;).
So depending on the size of the vessel involved you can classify it as -
1. Large Vessel Vasculitis
2. Medium Vessel Vasculitis
3. Small Vessel Vasculitis
For the first two Remember :
TT PK
So Large vessel = TT
Takayasu Arteritis
Temporal Arteritis (Giant cell Arteritis)
And Medium Vessel = PK
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Kawasaki disease
Now Small Vessel Vasculitis can be classified further. It can be positive for a particular antibody called ANCA or it can be negative. This antibody is purely an association and not a causative one.
ANCA Negative : HCC
H - Henoch Schonlein Purpura
C - Cryoglobulinemia related
C - Cutaneous Leukocyto-angiitis
(Think of crying babies.
Cry = Cryoglobulinemia related Vasculitis
And another baby related Vasculitis is HSP).
Now ANCA positive Vasculitis can be either c-ANCA or p-ANCA depending on what part it stains.
Remember - WC
(Like Western commode)
Wegner's is c-ANCA.
Remember - PCM
p-ANCA in Churg Strauss and Microscopic Poly-angiitis.
Please note - The names of Wegner's and Churg Strauss have been changed to Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis , and Eosniophilic GPA respectively. This is said to be because the scientist Wegener had been discovered to be possibly related to some Nazi war time activities and this opportunity was made the most of to also take a step towards a more pathology-specific name-calling by altering the honorific name given to the disease.
That's all!
Happy studying.
And Stay Awesome !
~ A.P.Burkholderia.