Tuesday, October 3, 2017
Basic modalities of Transitional Zone
Squamocolumnar junction ( the transitional zone ) is a junction formed by merging of squamous epithelium of the vagina with the columnar epithelium of endocervix.
Squamous non keratinized epithelium lining the vaginal mucosa has three distinct layers -
- Basal layer of cuboidal cells
- Middle layer of prickle cells
- Superficial layer of cornified cells
Embryologically, the junction consists of columnar epithelium that spreads over the external os and only the basal and middle layer of squamous epithelium lining the vaginal mucosa.
After attaining puberty, hormonal effects of oestrogen and progesterone induce metaplastic changes in columnar epithelium. Therefore, the squamous epithelium comes in close vicinity to the external os.
During reproductive age, growth of uterus, hypertrophy of cervical cells and associated hormonal changes and in females exposed to DES in utero, the transitional zone extrudes well out of the external os.
Due to high cellular activity and sensitivity to certain irritants and mutagens, there is high risk of dysplastic changes in the squamocolumnar epithelium and eventually carcinoma cervix. So, scrapings for PAP smear are done without difficulty from this exposed area to screen the patients.
In menopausal women, the atrophy of cervix leads to in drawing of SCJ into the canal. Hence the junction is not easily accessible and this ill exposure is the reason for high rates of false negative findings in PAP smear in older women! Hormonal therapy in such patients improves the positivity of results.
That's all
Jaskunwar Singh
Types of tympanic membrane perforation
Have a great day ahead.
-Upasana Y. :)
Monday, October 2, 2017
Corpus Callosum - Let's connect
Jas here
I am back :)
Let's talk about the largest connective pathway in the brain, the Corpus Callosum that is made up of more than 200 million nerve fibres, connecting our left brain to the right.
Friday, September 29, 2017
Rotator Cuff muscles and their actions (mnemonic)
1- The mnemonic for the muscles is: SITS
2- We will start with ABDuction and finish with ADDuction
3- The vowels in English can be remembered by AEEIou ( shout to remember better :P )
4- Now just match letters from the 2 mnemonics in the same order they are written in
as you can see in the table:
So S goes with A...I goes with E...T goes with E and the last S goes with I.
Never forget the action of Rotator Cuff muscles again :)
-Murad
Wednesday, September 27, 2017
Echinocandins: Mechanism of action, side effects and orgranisms affected (mnemonic)
=> EchinoCANdins.
=> Inhibit synthesis of B-gluCAN.
=> Used in CANdida and a thing that CAN invade your body (invasive aspergillosis).
=> CAN make you flush ( due to histamine release).
-Murad
Tuesday, September 26, 2017
Joll's triangle in thyroidectomy
Hello friends,
This post is about the importance of Joll's triangle in thyroidectomy.
Joll's triangle is used to identify external laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy.
Boundaries of this triangle are :
Laterally: Upper pole of thyroid gland and superior thyroid vessels.
Superiorly: Attachment of strap muscles and deep investing layer of fascia to hyoid.
Medially: Midline of neck.
Floor: Cricothyroid muscle.
This triangle contains superior laryngeal nerve which gives rise to external laryngeal nerve.
Given below is the diagram of this triangle:
Mnemonics for Modified Jones Criteria
Modified Jones Criteria is used for diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever.
Mnemonic - "JONES CAFE PAL"
MAJOR CRITERIA :-
Joint involvement (polyarthritis)
O 'O' looks like a heart - myocarditis
Nodules subcutaneous
Erythema Marginatum
Sydenham Chorea
MINOR CRITERIA :-
CRP elevated
Arthalgia
Fever
ESR elevated
Prolong PR interval
Anamnesia of Rheumatism
L eukocytosis
Presence of either
- 2 major criterias or
- 1 major criteria + 2 minor criteria
Is considered to diagnose patient positive.
Written by,
Pratheek Prabhu
Monday, September 25, 2017
SIADH vs Diabetes Insipidus, Osmolarity and Sodium levels in urine and serum in both (mnemonic)
Serum and urine findings in SIADH and Diabetes Insipidus can really mess up our brains :S
A nice mnemonic to memorize SIADH is to recall the letters as :
"S"odium "I"s "A"lways "D"own "H"ere (by here: I mean serum) =>
so in SIADH:
=> low Na in serum
=> high Na in Urine & high Urine Osmolarity
Now ...just think of the opposite and you ll get Diabetes Insipidus
so in DI:
=> high Na in serum /high serum osmolarity
=> low Na in Urine
-Murad
Chronic Renal Failure : Indications for dialysis.
Hello guys!
In this post I am going to list down the Indications for dialysis in patients of Chronic Renal Failure.
Absolute Indications :
1. Volume overload not responding to medication.
2. Refractory hypertension.
3. Hyperkalemia unresponsive to medications.
4. Severe metabolic acidosis unresponsive to medications.
5. Uremic pericarditis
6. Neurological signs and symptoms of Uremia.
7. Plasma creatinine more than 1060 umol/l or BUN more than 36 mmol/l
Relative Indications :
1. Anorexia
2. Severe anemia unresponsive to erythropoietin.
3. Persistent severe pruritus.
4. Restless legs syndrome.
That's all.
Thank you
MD Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)
Some thalamic nuclei and their function (mnemonic)
The following mnemonics may be used to associate the nuclei with their functions:
1- Ventral Postero-Lateral nuclues (VPL) => Very Painful Leg
This nucleus has input (pain, temperature, pressure, touch, vibration and proprioception) from Spinothalamic and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus ( Lower Limbs and Upper Limbs).
2- Ventral Postero-Medial nucleus (VPM) => Very Painful Mouth
This nucleus has input (face sensastion and taste) from trigeminal and gustatory pathway).
3- Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) => Looking Good Naked :O
This nucleus has input (part of the visual pathway) from the optic nerve.
4- Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) => Making Good Noise
This nucleus has input (part of the hearing pathway) from superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum.
& that's it! :)
-Murad
Sunday, September 24, 2017
Relation between Type I, Type II errors and Null hypothesis (mnemonic)
One of the things that always confused me was when to accept and when to reject the null hypothesis.
Since mnemonics are one of the best things ever, here you go:
Type ONE error:
You use a verb with ONE consonant => reJect => so you reJect Null hypothesis
Type TWO error:
You use a verb with TWO consonants => aCCept => so you aCCept Null hypothesis
& that's it! :)
-Murad
Saturday, September 23, 2017
Bacterial exotoxins that work via overactivating Adenylate Cyclase, a mnemonic
=> the bugs are:
Cholera (Vibrio Cholera)
Anthrax (Bacillus Anthracis)
Moctezuma's revenge (a fancy name of heat labile entertotoxigenic E.coli, ETEC)
Pertussis (Bordetella Pertussis)
-Murad
Chromosomes affected in syndromes that sound similar, a mnemonic
Wilson's disease: (for Dr. House fans)
Remember Dr. House, Wilson and Thirteen?
William syndrome:
If you read the 2nd part of the word William, it is: I AM. When you re-arrange it: I AM WILL.
Friday, September 22, 2017
Trinucleotide repeats mnemonics
so the trinucleotide repeat is: GAA
In Fragile X syndrome, patients have problems in their testicles (large testes among other things) so they "Can't Get it Going" :P => the trinucleotide repeat is: CGG
-Murad
Renal stones and pH of urine mnemonic
Hello!
Here's a post on the association between renal stones and pH of urine.
Which stones form in acidic urine?
Mnemonic: It's pretty simple, stones which have "weak acids" as a component.
Uric ACID
Calcium oxalate (Oxalic ACID)
Cysteine (Which is an Amino ACID)
PS: This is just a mnemonic.
Which stones form in alkaline urine?
Calcium Phosphate
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate
That's all!
-IkaN
Thursday, September 21, 2017
SERM for vulvovaginal atrophy mnemonic
A.) Bazedoxifene
B.) Raloxifene
C.) Phentermine
D.) Lasofoxifene
E.) Ospemifene
Wednesday, September 20, 2017
Atherosclerosis location mnemonic
Atherosclerosis location mnemonic
"A Cholesterol Plaque In Circles"
Most commonly involved vessels in decreasing order is:
Abdominal Aorta (especially around ostia - openings of major branches)
Coronary Artery
Popliteal Artery
Internal Carotid (especially at carotid sinus)
- Submitted by Murad
Monday, September 18, 2017
Ocular toxoplasmosis and HIV
Here are some fun facts about Ocular Toxoplasmosis and HIV!
Ocular toxoplasmosis usually causes a retinal lesion with inflammation, giving the classical "headlight in the fog" appearance.
Headlight is the lesion and the fog is due to the inflammation (WBCs).
HIV being an immunodeficient condition, there are lesser number of WBCs and hence there's no fog - Just the headlight.
The drug of choice for treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis is pyrimethamine.
However, it is contraindicated in pregnancy and HIV due to the risk of megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects, respectively.
In pregnancy, spiramycin is preferred.
In HIV, the preferred drugs are clindamycin, azithromycin or quinolones.
- Written by Dr²