Collier's Sign

Hey guys!

Collier’s sign (“posterior fossa stare,” “tucked lid” sign) is elevation and retraction of the upper eyelids, baring the sclera above the cornea, with the eyes in the primary position or looking upward.

This may be seen with upper dorsal midbrain supranuclear lesions (e.g., Parinaud’s syndrome). There may be accompanying paralysis of vertical gaze (especially upgaze) and light-near pupil-
lary dissociation.

The sign is thought to reflect damage to the posterior commissure levator palpebrae superioris inhibitory fibers; causing overactivity of this muscle.

-VM

Hydatid cyst mnemonic

Here's a mini mnemonic on hydatid cyst. Caused by E. Granulosus.

H - Hepatic cysts common
Y -
D - Dogs are definitive host
A - Albendazole treatment (Remember, anaphylaxis risk if aspirated)
T -
I -
D -

C - Calcification (eggshell calcification)
Y -
S -
T -

That's all!
-IkaN

Phencyclidine intoxication mnemonic

A combative, agitated, psychotic patient with multi directional nystagmus, tachycardia and hypertension. 

Yup. You guessed it right. It's PCP intoxication. 

Here's a mnemonic 

Melanoma marker mnemonic

The immunohistological marker for melanoma is HMB 45.

You can remember it by remembering the gorilla named 'Harambe' (HaraMBe) of Cincinnati zoo who was in the news as he unfortunately had to be put down because a child entered his enclosure.

You can correlate melanoma's black pigment with that of Harambe's black fur.

That's​ all!

- Sushrut Dongargaonkar

Chronic granulomatous disease mnemonic

Chronic granulomatous disease mnemonic

CGD - GRANULES!
G - chronic Granulomatous disease
R - Rhodamine (Dihydrorhodamine abnormal flow cytometry)
R - ROS, Respiratory burst decreased
A - Abscess / Granulomas
N - Nitroblue tetrazolium dye test
N - NADPH oxidase defective

Catalase positive organisms mnemonic: CATALASE!
Candida
Aspergillus
Tuberculosis
Listeria
Staphylococcus aureus
Serratia
pSeudomonas
E coli

That's all!

-IkaN

Deglutition

Hello Everyone!

 Today lets discuss deglutition. Human's love this process :) .

1.What is Deglutition?

Process by which food  moves from mouth into stomach.

2.What are the different stages?

Oral

Pharyngeal

Oesophageal

3.Is it voluntary?

No, Only the Oral stage is voluntary.

4.What is the oral stage?

Bolus is pushed by the tongue into the Oropharynx.

What is the pharyngeal stage?

It is a involuntary stage. Here bolus moves from pharynx to oesophagus. Bolus has got 4 paths in pharynx

Back in mouth: This is prevented by position of tongue against soft palate.
Upward into nasopharynx: Prevented by elevation of soft palate.
Forward into larynx: Prevented as follows(Only if you don’t talk while swallowing food :P

• Approximation of vocal cords
• Forward and upward movement of vocal cords
• Backward movements of epiglottis to seal opening of larynx
• This causes Deglutition Apnea

Enters the Oesophagus:

• Pharyngoesophageal sphincter relaxes.
• Also upward movement of larynx stretches opening of oesophagus.

What is Oesophageal Stage?

Food from oesophagus enters the stomach.Peristaltic waves aid in this process.Two types of Waves are seen:
Primary peristaltic contractions
Secondary peristaltic contractions

What is the role of lower oesophageal sphincter(LES)?

It undergoes Receptive Relaxation. i.e. it relaxes only upon entry of bolus. Otherwise it is constricted.We have 2 clinical conditions associated with it:

1.Achlasia cardia : Failure of sphincter to relax during swallowing. Causes accumulation of food in oesophagus.

2.Gastroesophageal Reflex disease(GERD): Due to incompetence of LES. Acidic content from stomach regurgitates back into pharynx.

That's all,
Thank you,
Chaitanya Inge

Condyloma acuminata vs condyloma lata mnemonic

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Mnemonic for Sulci And Gyri of the cerebrum

Hello everyone,
  Memorising sulci and gyri of the cerebrum consists of two parts:

1. Memorising the names of the sulci and gyri
2. Memorising the locations

Today I will help you with the first part. Please bear with me, it will be a lengthy one.
Lets start with Superolateral surface
We have 4 regions on superolateral surface. They are

1. Frontal 
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Occipital

Trick for superolateral surface revolves around 3 letters, they are: PSI

Frontal

Sulci- PSI      Gyri- PSIM
Sulci:

1. Precentral 
2. Superior frontal
3. Inferior frontal

Gyri

1. Precentral
2. Superior Frontal
3. Inferior frontal
4. Middle frontal 

Temporal
Sulci:SI  Gyri: SMI
  Names of Sulci are:

1. Superior Temporal
2. Inferior Temoral

Gyri

1. Superior Temporal
2. Middle Temporal
3. Inferior Temporal

Parietal
Sulci: PI Gyri: PSI

Sulci

1. Postcentral
2. Intraparietal

Gyri

1. Post central 
2. Superior Parietal
3. Inferior Parietal

For occipital. Remember a simple mnemonic : Sulci- SaLLTy C    Gyri- Gisa.

Sulci
SaLLTy C

1. Superior and Inferior Polar
2. Lunate
3. Lateral Occipital
4. Transverse Occipital
5. Calcarine

And the gyri

GISA

1. Gyrus descendens
2. Inferior Occipital
3. Superior Occipital
4. Arcus parieto-occipitalis.

So that completes the superolateral surface.

Now moving on to Medial Surface

  Here's the mnemonic CAPS. Men wear CAPs.  

Now  it goes like this Sulci- CCCAPPS. Gyri- Men wear CCaPPPPs

Sulci 

1. Calcarine
2. Callosal 
3. Cingulate
4. Anterior parolfactory
5. Posterior Parolfactory
6. Parieto-Occipital
7. Suprasplenial or subparietal

Gyri

1. Median frontal
2. Cuneus
3. Cingulate
4. Paraterminal
5. Paraolfactory
6. Paracentral
7. Precuneus

Finally moving to the Inferior Surface

 Here's the mnemonic

     when Cars HOORns  PeoPle LAugh LoudLy on boys playing GaMMes on streets!

Sulci (red coloured in mnemonic)

1. Collateral
2. H shaped orbital sulci
3. Olfactory
4. Occipitotemporal
5. Rhinal

Gyri(purpled coloured in mnemonic

1. Parahippocampal
2. Posterior Orbital
3. Lateral orbital
4. Anterior Orbital
5. Lingual
6. Lateral Occipitotemporal
7. Gyrus rectus
8. Median Occipitotemporal
9. Medial Orbital

Lets hope it will make memorising these things a bit easier.

That's all,
Thankyou,
Chaitanya Inge

Blood Supply And Nerve Supply of the Scalp

 Hello Everyone!
                Today we will discuss blood supply and nerve supply of the scalp. Just too many nerves and arteries out there. But there is a way out.

     First let us talk about nerves.

Nerve Supply:

1.  Sensory
2. Motor

Sensory:

Here's the trick

 In front of the auricle we have 4 nerves, and all are branches of trigeminal nerve.They are:

1. Supratrochlear (Opthalmic division)
2. Supraorbital  (Opthalmic division)
3. Zygomaticotemporal (Maxillary division)
4. Auriculotemporal (Mandibular division)

The remaining 4 are located behind the auricle. They are very simple to remember:

GaLeO Go To

1. Great Auricular(C2,C3)
2. Lesser Occipital(C2)
3. Greater Occipital(C2)
4. Third Occipital(C3)

Motor Supply:

In front of auricle: Temporal branch of facial nerve

Behind the auricle: Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve

Nerve supply of the Scalp 

Coming to the  Blood Supply:

1. Arterial supply:
1. Supratrochlear
2. Supraorbital
3. Superficial Temporal
4. Posterior Auricular
5. Occipital

1. Venous Drainage: Common, thats simple. Names corresponds to arteries.
• But there's a twist. The superficial temporal along with maxillary vein wants to drain in external as well as internal jugular. So they form retro mandibular vein whose course is pretty clear in diagram.

Blood Supply of the Scalp

That's all,

-Chaitanya Inge 

How to draw midbrain sections and lesions (Fun mnemonic diagrams)

Hello everyone!

Brain sections are super hard to remember, I imagine them as monsters and this is how I draw them:

Paraneoplastic Dermatoses - Bazex Syndrome.

Hello everybody,

So to continue our series on cutaneous manifestations of internal malignancies
Let's quickly learn about Bazex Syndrome.

Bazex syndrome — acrokeratosis
paraneoplastica is a paraneoplastic phenomenon associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper digestive tract.

Presents more commonly in Males and over the age of 40.

Presentation: Erythematous to violaceous psoriasiform plaques predominantly located in acral areas (especially the fingers, toes, nose, and helices).

Nail dystrophy, palmoplantar keratoderma, and alopecia are common.

In most patients, manifestations of Bazex syndrome precede the diagnosis of malignancy or the malignancy is diagnosed concurrently.

The lesions of Bazex syndrome are usually resistant to targeted therapies, but treatment of the neoplasm usually leads to resolution of the cutaneous findings, although not always.

Let's learn together!
-Medha!

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