Tympanogram.

Hello Everybody!

Let us quickly review the different curves of a tympanogram. 

The following are the yypes of curves in you'll see on a tympanogram:

Type A – Normal pressure and normal compliance in normal ear.

Type A_s – Reduced compliance (‘s’ means stiffness leading to reduced compliance) and normal pressure.

• Seen in
  • Otosclerosis or other ossicular fixation
  • Tympanosclerosis

Type A_d – Increased compliance (‘d’ means discontinuity leading to increased mobility) and normal pressure.

• Seen in
  • Ossicular discontinuity
  • Thin and lax TM

 

Type B – Flat or dome shaped graph i.e. reduced compliance.

Seen in case of:Serous otitis media.

Thick tympanic membrane.

Type C – Normal compliance but negative pressure due to eustachian tube obstruction.

• Seen in case of:
• Retracted tympanic membrane,
• Early stages before collection of fluid in middle ear.

Hope this was helpful. 

Let's Learn Together! 

Dr. Medha Vyas 

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Pericardial knock v/s Pericardial rub

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- most common cause is constrictive pericarditis
- occurs during the healing phase of the disease (fibrocalcifications)
- during the early diastolic phase of cardiac cycle (after opening snap)
- On auscultation: high frequency sound

Pericardial rub:
- commonly seen in acute fibrinous or sero-fibrinous pericarditis
- sero-fibrinous exudate in between two layers of pericardium (disease process going on)
- may occur during ventricular systole, or ventricular early diastole (due to expansion) or late diastole (due to atrial contraction).
- on auscultation: rough scraping sound described as "leather rubbing against leather"


That's all
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Apraxia vs autotopagnosia

Hello Awesomites !

Here we will discuss two from many parietal lobe lesion.

1.APRAXIA

Inability to carry out well organized voluntary movement correctly.
Despite motor, sensory & coordinated functions are not significantly impaired.

Ideomotor : It is a type of apraxia.
Patient performs the task but makes errors; there is a common tendency to substitute a body part for an object.

2.AGNOSIA

Abnormalities of perception of sensation despite normal sensory pathways.

Visual & body perception are impaired in parietal lobe lesions 

Agnosia of body scheme or autotopagnosia

Inability to locate, identify & orient one’s body parts.

Suppose while on rounds in neurology ward:- You see a patient brushing his knee early morning.(according to above discussion)

Apraxia -Patient has forgotten how to use toothbrush.Brushing knee as a toothbrush rather than pretending to hold one.

Autotopagnosia- the patient has forgotten the body part itself.

In either case localisation of lesion is PARIETAL LOBE.

Isn't the interpretation of one neurological sign seems interesting?

"Eyes see what mind knows"

Below is the link which is very descriptive and I came across it while reading more on this topic.

Parietal lobe

Happy studying !

-Upasana Y.