Monday, December 11, 2023
Sunday, December 10, 2023
PET crystals
https://youtube.com/shorts/KrYSxeF0CqA?si=LdTNJd2aJc4FK0mc
LSO/LYSO has small decay time
Allows for improved coincidence timing
Friday, December 8, 2023
Linear no-threshold model in radiation safety
The most conservative theory of radiation is the "linear no-threshold" (LNT) model. According to this model, there is no safe threshold for exposure to ionizing radiation, and any amount of radiation, no matter how small, has the potential to cause harm. The LNT model assumes a linear relationship between radiation dose and the risk of adverse health effects, extending this linear relationship down to zero dose.
In other words, the LNT model suggests that the risk of radiation-induced health effects, such as cancer, increases linearly with increasing radiation dose, and there is no level of radiation exposure considered completely without risk.
Deterministic vs Stochastic effects
Deterministic effects (or tissue reactions) of ionizing radiation are related directly to the absorbed radiation dose and the severity of the effect increases as the dose increases.
Example: Cataracts
Mnemonic: DDD Deterministic severity Determined by Dose
Stochastic effects of ionizing radiation are chance events, with the probability of the effect increasing with dose, but the severity of the effect is independent of the dose received. Stochastic effects are assumed to have no threshold.
Example: Cancer
Mnemonic:
Stochastic Severity No
Probability So
Stannous ions in equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography
A small amount of stannous chloride (SnCl2) is added to a vial containing a radiopharmaceutical precursor, such as pertechnetate (TcO4^-).
The stannous ions act as a reducing agent, converting TcO4^- to a reduced form of technetium (Tc-99m).
The radiotracer, now in the form of Tc-99m, can be easily incorporated into red blood cells or other carriers.
Technetium gamma decay is an example of isomeric transition
Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) undergoes a type of nuclear decay known as an isomeric transition when it emits gamma radiation. Specifically, Tc-99m undergoes an isomeric transition to its more stable state, technetium-99 (Tc-99), through the emission of gamma rays.
The isomeric transition involves a change in the nuclear energy state of the atom without a change in its chemical properties. In the case of Tc-99m, the metastable state (m) refers to a higher-energy state with a relatively short half-life, and the isomeric transition involves the release of a gamma-ray photon as the nucleus transitions to a lower-energy state.
The gamma rays emitted during the isomeric transition of Tc-99m are of diagnostic interest in nuclear medicine. Tc-99m is widely used as a radiopharmaceutical in various medical imaging procedures, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The emitted gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create images that provide valuable diagnostic information about the structure and function of organs and tissues in the body.
Photolectric effect and Compton scatter
In the Compton effect, a photon interacts with an outer shell electron, resulting in the ejection of the electron and a scattered photon with reduced energy.
Compton scatter is a significant contributor to image noise. It can result in scattered photons reaching the detector and degrading image contrast.
Compton scatter is more likely to occur with higher-energy photons, such as those around 140 keV.
The photoelectric effect is more pronounced at lower energies and is characterized by the complete absorption of a photon by an inner-shell electron, leading to the ejection of the electron.
The Photoelectric Effect is particularly important in medical imaging applications using low-energy X-rays, where it contributes to contrast in radiographic images.
Mnemonic: Compton is with COmpletely More energy PhoTONs (Compton scatter is more likely to occur with higher-energy photon)
photoeLEctric absorbs aLL Lower Energies
Sunday, December 3, 2023
Inaccurate camera settings, incorrect photopeak, flood field
Friday, December 1, 2023
Nuclear medicine practive question: Inverse square law
A vial containing 32 millicuries is emitting radiation at a rate of 1 roentgen per hour at a distance of 1 meter. If a technologist stands at a distance of 2 meters from the vial, how much radiation (in roentgens) does the technologist receive during a 15-minute period?
Radiation safety in pregnancy
Thursday, November 30, 2023
Nuclear medicine practice question: Half-Value Layer
Material A: HVL = 5 mm of aluminum
Material B: HVL = 3 mm of lead
Material C: HVL = 8 mm of copper
Material D: HVL = 6 mm of steel
You have sheets of these materials, each with a thickness of 10 mm. Your task is to determine which material, at a thickness of 10 mm, attenuates the most photons.
Which material is expected to exhibit the highest photon attenuation under these conditions?
A) Material A
B) Material B
C) Material C
D) Material D
Monday, November 27, 2023
Tuesday, October 31, 2023
Nasal septal fracture Mnemonic
I have tried to make a mnemonic for nasal cartilage septal fracture by making some association with the name
Jarjaway fracture = make me think pike George is away. That he means he walked on some path and paths are generally horizontal. So fracture is horizontal. And for horizontal fractures we need blow from front
Chevalier fracture = makes me think of shovel and you know when it is used it is struck on the ground almost inclined or vertical. So vertical fracture and for that fracture we need blow from below
I hope these associations work for you
InShaAllah
Thank you❤
Monday, October 30, 2023
Mnemonic for Toxicity of loop diuretics | Mnemonic
For toxicity of loop diuretics, mnemonic is as follows:
keep the word Hypo
so now count down all hypos:
- hyponatremia
- hypokalemia'
- hypocalcemia
- hypomagnesemia
- hypovolemia
and from word (hypo) letters:
H..................
y (if you write it in small case letter on paper, its upper part resembles u) = uric acid (and removing the o from hypo makes hyp = hyperuricemia)
p (rhymes with b) = B1 deficiency (which actually worsens in heart failure)
and O = ototoxicity
this is makes easier for me to remember the toxicities of loop diuretics easier than cramming them all or making a sentence or word unrelated to loop diuretics, so word hypo is quite relevant for loop diuretics so it can be a good anchor in your mind
I hope it works for you all
InShaAllah
Thank you 💓
Types of radioactive decay mnemonic
Sunday, October 29, 2023
Loop diuretics Mnemonic | Clinical Indications of Loop diuretics
Mnemonic for clinical indications of loop diuretics is as follows
From the word loop diuretics, my mind first thinks about loop as wave like thing and diuretic to be water related
So mnemonic is also related to it like that
HEEHA........ (as if you are skating on sea waves)
H = heart failure
E = edema (pulmonary)
E = edema (peripheral)
H = hypertension (in case of renal failure and you are trying to treat fluid overload)
A = onion overdose
I hope it works for you all
InShaAllah
Thank you 💓
Saturday, October 28, 2023
Mnemonic | Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Here is a mnemonic for Ramsay hunt syndrome triad
Taken from the name of the disease:
Ram Said to me, Hunt!
Ram said from his mouth, so associate this point with facial paralysis
He said to me to Hunt so I heard it from my ears and hunt is always with injuries, so external auditory canal vesicular lesions (which are painful)
I hope you understood this linker Mnemonic and would have good place in your mind Palace 👽
InShaAllah
Thank you❤👻👽
And that's it
Mnemonic | Triad of Melkersson Syndrome
Wednesday, October 25, 2023
Mnemonic | Common locations of Primary Brain Parenchymal Hemorrhage
The Name has the mnemonic in it for the common locations of Primary Brain Parenchymal hemorrhages:
Brain Paren/chyma (divided the word parenchyma by syllable into 2):
Brain = Basal ganglia
Paren = Pons
CHyma = Cerebellum, tHalamus
I hope it works for you all
InShaAllah!
Thank you💓
Mnemonic | Classification of Otitis Media Complications
Complications of otitis media are classified into Intratemporal and intracranial.
To remeber them i have made a mnemonoc from the word TeMPoraL
First IntraTemporal
T = T appears like 7 , so 7th never paralysis
e
M = mastoiditis
P = Petroitis
ora
L = labrynthitis
Now Extra temporal from the same word teMPOraL
Just one letter is changed ( here O is used and in previous one it was T )
te
M = Meningitis (and relate to it is extradural and subdural abscess)
P = flip it vertically =b = brain abscess
O = Otitic Hydrocephalus
ra
L = Lateral sinus Thrombophlebitis
I hope it will be handy for you attempt short questions in your exams regarding complications of otitis media
InShaAllah!
Thank you👽❤
Tuesday, October 24, 2023
Mnemonic for Ototoxic drugs
Some of the ototoxic drugs are presented to you here with a mnemonic
Think about a situation when you got deaf due to some ototoxic drugs and now you go to a pandet named Adam for cure
So Pandet Adam is our mnemonic
P = Propranolol, platins(cisplatin, carboplatin)
A = aminoglycosides
N = NSAIDs (ibuprofen, salicylate, indomethacin)
D = Diuretics (furosamide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide)
E = eryhtromycin
T = tobacco
A = Alcohol
D = defroxamide
A = ampicllin
M = anti Malarial (quinine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine)
And that's it.
I hope it works for you all
InShaAllah!
Thank you❤
Monday, October 23, 2023
Perinatal Causes of Hearing loss | Mnemonic
Imagine a situation in which an immature baby is to be born to a mother, so baby will be of low birth weight, and since there is birth going on early so there maybe a problem of anoxia due to prolonged labour, in this situation obstetrician will try to operate and get baby out quickly, so a chance of birth injury is there, birth injury may lead to meningitis, that may end up in sepsis, and for that we will need drugs and admission in NICU to handle the situation.
So after keeping this type of perinatal situation in mind, you can keep some of the preniatal causes of heading loss
- Immaturity and low birth weight
- Anoxic
- Birth injury
- Neonatal meningitis
- Sepsis
- Time spent in NICU
- Ototoxic drug
- Neonatal jaundice (not in the mnemonic)
Mnemonic | Average Hearing loss in Different Ear lesions
The mnemonic was quite difficult in its genesis.
But here it is:
Sunday, October 22, 2023
Mnemonic | Congenital and Acquired causes of Conductive hearing loss
Morphology of Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
The morphology of crescentic glomerulonephritis seen in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is quite easy, so here i am just sharing the difference between differences in the types of RPGN only:
Points of difference |
Immune complex mediated |
Anti GBM antibody mediated |
Pauci immune type |
|
Endocapillary proliferation |
ü |
û |
û |
|
Mesangial proliferation |
ü |
|
|
|
Immunofluorescence |
Linear staining |
û |
ü |
û |
Granular staining |
ü |
û |
û |
|
Dense immune complex
deposits |
ü |
û |
û |
I hope it will help you in remembering the morphology
In Sha Allah
see you soon with something new again IA
Thank you 😊
Thursday, October 19, 2023
Mnemonic | Morphology of IgA nephropathy
Morphology of IgA nephropathy will be derived from its pathogenesis and the disease name.
so the mnemonic is presented here:
Pathogenesis = indicates about role of immunoglobulins and mesangial cells
now about these 2 things take the name of the disease:
IgA = A = All
= all main antibodies in infections (IgA, IgG, IgM)
= all mainly possible mesangial morphologies ranging from mesangial widening, diffuse mesangial proliferation endocapillary proliferation, segmental sclerosis, , to crescentic glomerulonephritis
(remember it by keeping in mind the structure of glomerulus in which from center to periphery comes mycangium, capillaries and then epithelium of glomerulus)
I hope it works for you all again 👽
In Sha Allah!
Thank you 💓