Dipyridamole mnemonic for Nuclear Cardiology boards

PET crystals

https://youtube.com/shorts/KrYSxeF0CqA?si=LdTNJd2aJc4FK0mc

LSO/LYSO has small decay time

Allows for improved coincidence timing

Linear no-threshold model in radiation safety

The most conservative theory of radiation is the "linear no-threshold" (LNT) model. According to this model, there is no safe threshold for exposure to ionizing radiation, and any amount of radiation, no matter how small, has the potential to cause harm. The LNT model assumes a linear relationship between radiation dose and the risk of adverse health effects, extending this linear relationship down to zero dose.

In other words, the LNT model suggests that the risk of radiation-induced health effects, such as cancer, increases linearly with increasing radiation dose, and there is no level of radiation exposure considered completely without risk.

Deterministic vs Stochastic effects

Deterministic effects (or tissue reactions) of ionizing radiation are related directly to the absorbed radiation dose and the severity of the effect increases as the dose increases. 

Example: Cataracts

Mnemonic: DDD Deterministic severity Determined by Dose

Stochastic effects of ionizing radiation are chance events, with the probability of the effect increasing with dose, but the severity of the effect is independent of the dose received. Stochastic effects are assumed to have no threshold. 

Example: Cancer

Mnemonic:
Stochastic Severity No
Probability So

Stannous ions in equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography

A small amount of stannous chloride (SnCl2) is added to a vial containing a radiopharmaceutical precursor, such as pertechnetate (TcO4^-).

The stannous ions act as a reducing agent, converting TcO4^- to a reduced form of technetium (Tc-99m).

The radiotracer, now in the form of Tc-99m, can be easily incorporated into red blood cells or other carriers.

Technetium gamma decay is an example of isomeric transition

Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) undergoes a type of nuclear decay known as an isomeric transition when it emits gamma radiation. Specifically, Tc-99m undergoes an isomeric transition to its more stable state, technetium-99 (Tc-99), through the emission of gamma rays.

The isomeric transition involves a change in the nuclear energy state of the atom without a change in its chemical properties. In the case of Tc-99m, the metastable state (m) refers to a higher-energy state with a relatively short half-life, and the isomeric transition involves the release of a gamma-ray photon as the nucleus transitions to a lower-energy state.

The gamma rays emitted during the isomeric transition of Tc-99m are of diagnostic interest in nuclear medicine. Tc-99m is widely used as a radiopharmaceutical in various medical imaging procedures, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The emitted gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create images that provide valuable diagnostic information about the structure and function of organs and tissues in the body.

Photolectric effect and Compton scatter

In the Compton effect, a photon interacts with an outer shell electron, resulting in the ejection of the electron and a scattered photon with reduced energy.

Compton scatter is a significant contributor to image noise. It can result in scattered photons reaching the detector and degrading image contrast.

Compton scatter is more likely to occur with higher-energy photons, such as those around 140 keV.

The photoelectric effect is more pronounced at lower energies and is characterized by the complete absorption of a photon by an inner-shell electron, leading to the ejection of the electron.

The Photoelectric Effect is particularly important in medical imaging applications using low-energy X-rays, where it contributes to contrast in radiographic images. 

Mnemonic: Compton is with COmpletely More energy PhoTONs  (Compton scatter is more likely to occur with higher-energy photon)

photoeLEctric absorbs aLL Lower Energies 

Inaccurate camera settings, incorrect photopeak, flood field

Inaccurate camera settings, incorrect photopeak, flood field for nuclear boards

The pulse height analyzer (PHA) measures in-coming signals and enables signals of a specific energy range ("window") to be recorded while excluding all other signals.

If the window set slightly below the photopeak, the honey comb artifact with "hot" spots over each photomultiplier tube is characteristic.

BGO mnemonic for nuclear medicine boards

See YouTube video here https://youtu.be/JTpj76zUS0I?si=zNhY9zkG3_55XVU1 

Tracer uptake and coronary blood flow mnemonic for Nuclear Cardiology boards

 

Nuclear medicine practive question: Inverse square law

 A vial containing 32 millicuries is emitting radiation at a rate of 1 roentgen per hour at a distance of 1 meter. If a technologist stands at a distance of 2 meters from the vial, how much radiation (in roentgens) does the technologist receive during a 15-minute period?

Radiation safety in pregnancy

United States Nuclear Regulation Commission (USNRC) also recommends total fetus exposure during pregnancy to be less than 5.0 mSv (500 mrem). The fetus radiation dose below 50 mGy is considered safe and not cause any harm.

See YouTube video https://youtu.be/ajPn17iT0aE?si=2Uz1dZIwfpoIeRjM

Half life of Fluorine 18 is 110 minutes mnemonic

 

Half life of Rubidium-82 is 76 seconds mnemonic for nuclear medicine boards #nuclearmedicine

 

Nuclear medicine practice question: Half-Value Layer

You are conducting a radiographic imaging experiment using four different materials with distinct Half-Value Layers (HVLs). The materials and their respective HVLs are as follows:
Material A: HVL = 5 mm of aluminum
Material B: HVL = 3 mm of lead
Material C: HVL = 8 mm of copper
Material D: HVL = 6 mm of steel
You have sheets of these materials, each with a thickness of 10 mm. Your task is to determine which material, at a thickness of 10 mm, attenuates the most photons.
Which material is expected to exhibit the highest photon attenuation under these conditions?

A) Material A
B) Material B
C) Material C
D) Material D

1 mCi = 37 MBq mnemonic for nuclear boards

Nasal septal fracture Mnemonic

I have tried to make a mnemonic for nasal cartilage septal fracture by making some association with the name

Jarjaway fracture = make me think pike George is away. That he means he walked on some path and paths are generally horizontal. So fracture is horizontal. And for horizontal fractures we need blow from front 

Chevalier fracture = makes me think of shovel and you know when it is used it is struck on the ground almost inclined or vertical. So vertical fracture and for that fracture we need blow from below 

I hope these associations work for you

InShaAllah

Thank you❤

Mnemonic for Toxicity of loop diuretics | Mnemonic

 For toxicity of loop diuretics, mnemonic is as follows:

keep the word Hypo 

so now count down all hypos:

• hyponatremia
• hypokalemia'
• hypocalcemia
• hypomagnesemia
• hypovolemia

and from word (hypo) letters:

H..................

y (if you write it in small case letter on paper, its upper part resembles u) = uric acid (and removing the o from hypo makes hyp = hyperuricemia)

p (rhymes with b) = B1 deficiency (which actually worsens in heart failure)

and O = ototoxicity 

this is makes easier for me to remember the toxicities of loop diuretics easier than cramming them all or making a sentence or word unrelated to loop diuretics, so word hypo is quite relevant for loop diuretics so it can be a good anchor in your mind

I hope it works for you all 

InShaAllah

Thank you 💓

Types of radioactive decay mnemonic

Alpha decay

2 protons, 2 neutrons (Helium atom)

Mnemonic: AH

Beta decay

Electron, high energy is emitted

Mnemonic: BE

That's all! 

-IkaN 

Loop diuretics Mnemonic | Clinical Indications of Loop diuretics

 Mnemonic for clinical indications of loop diuretics is as follows

From the word loop diuretics, my mind first thinks about loop as wave like thing and diuretic to be water related

So mnemonic is also related to it like that

HEEHA........ (as if you are skating on sea waves)

H = heart failure

E = edema  (pulmonary)

E = edema (peripheral)

H = hypertension (in case of renal failure and you are trying to treat fluid overload)

A = onion overdose 

I hope it works for you all

InShaAllah

Thank you 💓

Mnemonic | Ramsay Hunt Syndrome

Here is a mnemonic for Ramsay hunt syndrome triad 

Taken from the name of the disease:

Ram Said to me, Hunt!

Ram said from his mouth, so associate this point with facial paralysis

He said to me to Hunt so I heard it from my ears and hunt is always with injuries, so external auditory canal vesicular lesions (which are painful)

I hope you understood this linker Mnemonic and would have good place in your mind Palace 👽

InShaAllah

Thank you❤👻👽

And that's it

Mnemonic | Triad of Melkersson Syndrome

For the triad of Melkersson syndrome, I tried to make a mnemonic from the name of the disease. 

Here it is 

Pronounce MelKerSon by dividing the whole word into 3 parts and note which part of your mouth plays part in it

Mel = you used your lips mainly 

Ker = you used your tongue to pronounce it

Son = you remembered your son and his face came infront of your sight

So 

Mel = swollen lips

Ker = fissured tongue 

Son = facial paralysis 

I hope it works for you all

InShaAllah!

Thank you❤👽👻

Mnemonic | Common locations of Primary Brain Parenchymal Hemorrhage

The Name has the mnemonic in it for the common locations of Primary Brain Parenchymal hemorrhages:

Brain Paren/chyma (divided the word parenchyma by syllable into 2):

Brain = Basal ganglia

Paren = Pons

CHyma = Cerebellum, tHalamus 

I hope it works for you all

InShaAllah!

Thank you💓

Mnemonic | Classification of Otitis Media Complications

Complications of otitis media are classified into Intratemporal and intracranial. 

To remeber them i have made a mnemonoc from the word TeMPoraL

First IntraTemporal

T = T appears like 7 , so 7th never paralysis

e

M = mastoiditis 

P = Petroitis 

ora

L = labrynthitis

Now Extra temporal from the same word teMPOraL

Just one letter is changed ( here O is used and in previous one it was T )

te

M = Meningitis (and relate to it is extradural and subdural abscess)

P = flip it vertically =b = brain abscess

O = Otitic Hydrocephalus

ra

L = Lateral sinus Thrombophlebitis

I hope it will be handy for you attempt short questions in your exams regarding complications of otitis media

InShaAllah!

Thank you👽❤

Mnemonic for Ototoxic drugs

Some of the ototoxic drugs are presented to you here with a mnemonic 

Think about a situation when you got deaf due to some ototoxic drugs and now you go to a pandet named Adam for cure

So Pandet Adam is our mnemonic 

P = Propranolol, platins(cisplatin, carboplatin)

A = aminoglycosides

N = NSAIDs (ibuprofen, salicylate, indomethacin)

D = Diuretics (furosamide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide)

E = eryhtromycin 

T = tobacco 

A = Alcohol

D = defroxamide 

A = ampicllin 

M = anti Malarial (quinine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine)

And that's it. 

I hope it works for you all

InShaAllah!

Thank you❤

Perinatal Causes of Hearing loss | Mnemonic

 Imagine a situation in which an immature baby is to be born to a mother, so baby will be of low birth weight, and since there is birth going on early so there maybe a problem of anoxia due to prolonged labour, in this situation obstetrician will try to operate and get baby out quickly, so a chance of birth injury is there, birth injury may lead to meningitis, that may end up in sepsis, and for that we will need drugs and admission in NICU to handle the situation. 

So after keeping this type of perinatal situation in mind, you can keep some of the preniatal causes of heading loss 

1. Immaturity and low birth weight
2. Anoxic
3. Birth injury
4. Neonatal meningitis 
5. Sepsis
6. Time spent in NICU
7. Ototoxic drug
8. Neonatal jaundice (not in the mnemonic)

I hope it works for you all again like always

InShaAllah!

Thank you ❤

Mnemonic | Average Hearing loss in Different Ear lesions

The mnemonic was quite difficult in its genesis. 

But here it is:

Complete obstruction of Ear canal = 3ar (flip the E to 3) = 30dB loss

Perforation of tympanic membrane = perFORation = 40 = 10 - 40dB

Malleolar fixation = malle01ar = 10 = 10 - 25dB

Ossicular interruption with intact drum = 54dB (couldn't make for it 🥲)

Ossicular interruption with perforated drum = among all numbers from 1 - 10 which digit is most perforated? ( I mean having more holes)

The answer is 8 and vertical half of 8 is 3 so 38dB

Closure of oval Window = thats the last resort of conductive hearing loss and max hearing loss possible in conductive hearing loss is 60dB never above it. So no mnemonic for it. 

If you have any better than this pet me know in the comments 

I hope it works for you

In Sha Allah!

Thank you❤

Mnemonic | Congenital and Acquired causes of Conductive hearing loss

Some of the causes of Congenital and acquired conductive hearing loss can be remembered with this mnemonic

Think about a Calf being given birth by (obviously😂) a cow. So she just got mom for the first time (ft)  

So here it is the mnemonic just heard

Congenital causes of conductive hearing loss

CAlF:

C = Cholesteatoma

A = Atresia ( of meatus )

l...........................

F = fixation of malleable head, footplate of stapes a ossivular discontinuity 

Now the Acquired causes of conductive hearing loss

MOM FT.

M = Membrane (tympanic) perforation 

O = ossicles fixation or discontinuity 

M = Mass in middle ear

F = Fluid in the middle ear

T = Tubal Blockage ( eustachian tube )

You can add in them further the examples in the causes I listed here. 

I hope it works again for you people

In Sha Allah!

Thank you👻

Morphology of Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

The morphology of crescentic glomerulonephritis seen in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is quite easy, so here i am just sharing the difference between differences in the types of RPGN only:

Points of difference		Immune complex mediated	Anti GBM antibody mediated	Pauci immune type
Endocapillary proliferation		ü	û	û
Mesangial proliferation		ü
Immunofluorescence	Linear staining	û	ü	û
	Granular staining	ü	û	û
Dense immune complex deposits		ü	û	û

I hope it will help you in remembering the morphology 

In Sha Allah

see you soon with something new again IA

Thank you 😊

Mnemonic | Morphology of IgA nephropathy

 Morphology of IgA nephropathy will be derived from its pathogenesis and the disease name.

so the mnemonic is presented here:

Pathogenesis = indicates about role of immunoglobulins and mesangial cells

now about these 2 things take the name of the disease:

IgA = A = All 

= all main antibodies in infections (IgA, IgG, IgM) 

= all mainly possible mesangial morphologies ranging from mesangial widening, diffuse mesangial proliferation endocapillary proliferation, segmental sclerosis, , to crescentic glomerulonephritis  

(remember it by keeping in mind the structure of glomerulus in which from center to periphery comes mycangium, capillaries and then epithelium of glomerulus)

I hope it works for you all again 👽

In Sha Allah!

Thank you 💓