How to use Anki Flashcards for studying

Hello!

Since many of you guys requested it - A video demonstration on how to use AnkiDroid for studying during premed and med school!

Sample CV for electives

Hello,

Since many of you guys have been asking for my CV for electives, I thought of uploading it for you to refer.

ECG changes seen in hyperkalemia and hypokalemia mnemonic

Here's a mnemonic by Shohrat Arazov!

When it seems out of your reach, should you try?

Here's an email I got from an awesomite who was extremely confused on whether or not to pursue something out of her reach (In this case, post graduate training in the US). Since it was an extremely personal email, I haven't posted the entire email here (just bits and pieces). Her email is in italics.

Features of DNA replication: Semiconservative replication

Hello everyone!

Here is a feature of DNA replication that we don't think much about - the semiconservative replication!

Features of DNA replication: Unidirectionality and bidirectionality

Hello everyone!

DNA replication can be unidirectional or bidirectional, depending upon whether the replication from the point of origin proceeds only in one direction or proceeds in both the directions.

Medicowesome Anki flashcards

Hello everyone!

Here are the flashcards I used for step 2 CK and Step 3 -

Some antibiotics in the US and their trade names

When you start your rotations, you'll hear many drug names that will sound new to you and since the drug names written in qbanks and books are the scientific ones, here is a brief list of some antibiotics and their trade names in the US:

Scientific name	Trade name
Cephalexin	Keflex
Ceftriaxone	Rocephin
Cefdinir	Omnicef
Cefadroxil	Duracef
Azithromycin	Zithromax
Ampicillin - Sulbactam	Unasyn
Piperacillin - Tazobactam	Zosyn ( also called Piptazo)
Levofloxacin	levaquin
Linezolid	Zyvox
Nitrofurantion	Macrobid
Dalfopristin - Quinupristin	Synercid

Comment below for more “commonly used” antibiotics (or drugs in general) that may be added to this table.

-Murad

Spanish learning tips for USMLErs

Speaking Spanish is a nice addition to your CV if you are planning to specialize in the US. Spanish is the 2nd most commonly spoken language in the US and some states especially southern ones like Texas and Florida have a huge Spanish-speaking population. Moreover, learning Spanish is fun :D

Here are some tips/methods that can help with that:

1- Language learning apps:

Memrise
www.memrise.com
One of the best apps out there, it works on any device. Just make a free account and practice a bit every day to find out that you learned several thousand words without knowing.
In addition to the main “deck” offered by the smartphone app, you can study many other decks just by going to the website on a laptop and search for the language you want. The only pitfall is that the main deck doesn’t teach you grammar so you have to find other decks or sources.

Duolingo
Another great app which is similar to Memrise. I haven’t used it but I have heard great reviews about it.

Spanish Verbs Lite
A nice smartphone app that has a selective set of verbs with their conjugation in all tenses.
===
2- Social apps for languages:

Tandem and Hellotalk

Consider these apps like a Facebook/Tinder but for languages.
You enter your language and choose the language you wanna learn. These apps will match you with people who speak the language you wanna learn and you will be speaking the language that they wanna learn. Nice platforms to make “language learning friends” especially that you write about your interests so you can befriend others who have the same ones.
===
3- Youtube channels:

Butterfly Spanish
https://www.youtube.com/user/ButterflySpanishola
ِA very useful channel to boost your Spanish. I ll leave you with what Anna wrote about her channel:
“Learn Spanish for free with Spanish lessons that cover grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary, tips & tricks, and cultural aspects. My Spanish lessons are for all Spanish levels and are based on my passion for Spanish culture, language, and teaching.

123dialogues
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFINwW5qL1w&list=PLzRf-4Z5tJuQvis4oLgmkfG83Lrkjj_DA
A great channel which has many dialogues in both Spanish and English.

You can always search Youtube to find more stuff. This is one of the playlists when I searched for Medical Spanish:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyzgZbZnUik&list=PL5o-4-kgVLgivtGLZy6iTV-x6EqPSUDUI
===
4- Immersion:

Immerse yourself in Spanish. Use your Facebook in Spanish and maybe your smartphone too. You will automatically memorize words without even trying. You ll know that “me gusta, comentar and compartir” are the Spanish words for “like, comment and share”. After a while, you ll be amazed that you are picking more and more passively.
==
5- songs

Songs can stick in our minds in a magical way. Look for Spanish songs and read both the Spanish and English lyrics.
==
6- Friends

No matter how many progs and apps we use, nothing is like having a real conversation with a human being. The MATCH journey will let you meet people from Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic and many many others Spanish speaking countries. Practice with your friends and ask them to correct you.
==
7-Podcasts:

A treasure to learn languages. Many podcasts are there, among the best is: coffee break Spanish.
https://radiolingua.com/coffeebreakspanish/
Listen to the audio file, learn the accent, repeat. They also provide transcripts for the audio file in PDF form.
Coffee break podcasts are available for other languages including Italian and French.
==
8- Time Time Time

Specify a fixed period of your day to learn/talk in Spanish. This may be as short as 5 minutes up to a few hours. It may be when you wake up or before you sleep. Just develop a habit of learning new words and practicing your Spanish daily.



=>Updates<=
Some suggestions from the readers:

> Meetup
https://www.meetup.com/
As the name suggests, this is a website through which you can meet people.
Create a free account, then choose your interests and discover groups of people who share your interests and hang out with them. Language learning is among the things you can choose and especially in the US, you ll meet many people who wanna learn Spanish.

>" Spouse - induced"learning
Some friends stated that having a spouse is one of the biggest motives to learn a new language :D

Comment below if you know any more tips/programs/apps/books that can help in mastering Español  :)

-Murad

Neonatal Resuscitation Protocol

Here is a short (may be not very short) but concise flowchart on the neonatal resuscitation protocol by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

If I have forgotten to add any point, let me know.

Written by our Medicowesome Student Guest Author,
Devi Bavishi

Being street-smart during interviews: Banks!

Although many of the non-US IMG MATCH applicants will have a bank account during their rotations ahead of the MATCH, let’s talk about banks and IMGs in general!

The post may be updated if more banks join the list :D

below are some banks in which IMGs can open an account without having a Green Card:

Bank of America:

Pros:
1- Available nearly everywhere
2- It gives you a temporary card that you can use for 30 days until your permanent card arrives
3- It has a nice mobile app (better than other banks in my opinion) that can basically do anything, easier than calling them or going to the bank.

Cons:
1- To avoid the monthly fee of 12 dollars, you have to maintain your balance above 1500$ at any point during the month or you have to deposit 250$ per month.
2- For IMGs, they require 2 forms of identification (compared to one in most of the other banks). These 2 can be your passport and international driving license.
3- If you wanna travel outside the US, it is preferable to activate the “travel notice” feature (via visiting the bank or the app or calling them) because they may temporarily block your debit card if you are using it from a different country.

Don’t forget to go paperless (either using your mobile app or by asking them in the bank) to avoid having infinite unnecessary papers mailed to you especially if you are staying temporarily at a friend’s place!

====

Citizens Bank:

Pros:
1- They require 1 form of identification.
2- To avoid their monthly fee of 10$, you can either deposit or let any friend deposit in your account each month even if a dollar OR simply you can open another account for free and auto-circulate a dollar monthly between the 2 accounts and voila, no fees at all.

Cons:
1- They are less available in some states like Ohio and NY where you will find ATMs only and hardly any branches.
2- They don’t give you a temporary card when you open your account, so you should leave some cash with you till the debit card arrives.
3- YOU HAVE TO TELL THEM YOU WANNA GO PAPERLESS, or else they ll charge you 2 dollars monthly for bank statements that are mailed to your physical mailing address.

When you call Citizens Bank and it asks you for a Social Security Number (SSN) to let you talk to an employee, just wait and say nothing. You ll be asked about the SSN 3 times then you ll be auto-transferred to a human employee.

Good banking everyone :D and don’t forget to comment if you know more "IMG-friendly banks"

And that’s it
===
Update 4/8/2018

Some friends mentioned: CHASE and Wells Fargo so you may try them too
(Wells Fargo pros and cons are very similar to Bank of America)

-Murad

Euthanasia

Hello Awesomites!
Here's a quick review on the topic Euthanasia, a collection of asked MCQs on euthanasia.

EUTHANASIA

Mercy killing or Assisted suicide
Physician assisted suicide is legal in some States of the US
Painless killing of a person who is suffering from incurable disease, senility, permanent damage to the brain which cannot be repaired or cured
Legally permitted in: USA, Uruguay, Poland, Australia, Switzerland, Nether lands
Not legalized in India

Types-

Active (Positive)euthanasia-
Act of commission
Death induced by direct/indirect action
legal in Netherlands and Belgium
E.g. giving large dose of a drug that hastens death

Passive (Negative)euthanasia-
Act of omission
No specific medicine or life supporting measures given
Death induced by discontinuation of life sustaining measures
legal in India
E.g. stopping heart lung machines in a severely defective new born, disconnecting ventilator in a brain dead patient

Voluntary euthanasia-
Euthanasia induced at the will of an individual by his request
A patient suffering from an incurable disease requesting the doctor to terminate his life

In/Non voluntary euthanasia-
Induced in patients who are unable to express their wishes
E.g. a person with irreversible coma or a severely defective infant
Paternalism - abuse of medical knowledge so as to distort the doctor-patient relationship in such a way that the patient is deprived of his ability to take rational choice.

Thank you!
MD Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)

About me

Hey Medicowesomites :D 

I have been posting here since some time and I would like to introduce myself

I am Murad Almasri from Palestine, I finished my med school in Egypt then did my USMLEs (step 3 left though) and will start my residency in Pediatrics in the US soon  :)

I am a positive person and I always like to know more and more ...it's just like eating information 
I believe in sth called "encyclopedial knowledge"..try to know everything about everything.

 I love making mnemonics and collecting them, I think I've been doing that since high school maybe even before that and this helped me tremendously in the USMLEs.

 I like reading books especially novels - I am a big Harry Potter fan ^_^ .
I also like video games ( I sometimes ask myself who doesn’t :D ?) and of course moviesssss 

 Learning new languages is a passion for me too, I already know a few.

 Good luck Medicowesomites and enjoy this amaaaaaazing website :)

 -Murad

Neural Crest Cells : Mnemonic

Hi everyone !
Here's a short mnemonic post !

Neural Crest Cells are very special cells that form at around 2-3 weeks of gestation.
They're right next to the Neural folds of the Neural tube to begin with and then eventually come to lie lateral to the tube, after which they migrate to various parts of the body giving rise to a bunch of things.

It's kind of SUPER IMPORTANT to memories what structures arise out of the Crest cells.
One of the reasons for it is that neural crest cell tumors will express certain neuroendocrine markers and that will make it easier to detect them on histopathology.
The other reason is that it's literally the most favorite embryology question - whether it's  NEET PG or Step1!

So here goes :

Mnemonic - LAMAS BABy

L - Lepto meninges (Pia + Arachnoid)
A - Adrenal Medulla
M - Melanocytes
A - ANS Ganglia
S - Schwann Cells

B - Branchial Arches
A - Aortopulmonary windows + Endocardial Cushions
B - Bronchogenic cells - Pneumocytes
Y - Yo

This will also help you understand why Melanomas , Bronchogenic Carcinoma , Schwannoma, Pheochromocytoma and even Neuroblastoma are all positive for similar markers and have similar appearances at times along with similar histopathological fetaures.

Hope this list covers them all!
Happy Studying!
Stay Awesome!

~ A.P. Burkholderia

Tennis in medicine

This post is compiled by Devi :)

● Tennis Racquet Appearance
o A descriptor for the tennis racquet-like thickening of the mesangium seen by light microscopy in glomeruli affected by Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease

● Tennis Racquet Appearance on Xray Teeth
o odontogenic keratocyst, ameloblastoma, central giant cell granuloma and odontogenic myxoma

● Tennis Racquet Spore
o classical shape of Clostridium tetani bacterium containing a terminal spore.

● Tennis Racquet Cell
o A tennis-racquet-shaped variant of rhabdomyoblast seen in sarcoma botryoides, a form of rhabdomyosarcoma affecting children

● Tennis Racquet Granule
o A subcellular particle seen by electron microscopy in Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis.

● Tennis Racquet Sign
o finding in a blighted ovum in which the ultrasonically empty gestational sac is compressed—the racquet’s ‘handle’—and adjacent to a surrounding deciduoid reaction—the ‘paddle’

● Tennis Elbow
o chronic inflammation at the origin of the extensor muscles of the forearm from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, as a result of unusual or repetitive strain (not necessarily from playing tennis).

● Tennis Leg
o a rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle at the musculotendinous junction, resulting from forcible contractions of the calf muscles; often seen in tennis players as the result of frequent quick stopping and starting movements.

● Tennis Thumb
o tendinitis with calcification in the tendon of the long flexor of the thumb (flexor pollicis longus) caused by friction and strain as in tennis playing, but also occurring in other exercises in which the thumb is subject to repeated pressure or strain.

● Tennis Toe
o Subungual hematoma of the great toe which may follow any vigorous exercise—e.g., tennis-in shoes with hardened toe protectors

● Tennis Wrist
o Tenosynovitis of wrist which may occur in tennis players.

● Tennis Racquet cavity
o Seen in TB
o When tuberculous process is virtually confined to the bronchus, resulting in narrowing or occlusion with dilatation beyond, or in local wall destruction with weakening and dilatation, the ring shadow is in fact a dilated bronchus, and the wall of the ‘cavity’ has the histological feature of bronchial wall with or without tuberculosis foci in it. The rest of the bronchus, extending proximally towards the hilum, is often dilated as well, and its wall thickened by tuberculous involvement, so that a so called ‘tennis racket’ shadow. The draining bronchus of the most of the tuberculous cavities, whatever the type, is either concurrently or secondarily infected, leading to tennis racket appearance

Written by Devi Bavishi 

Age of Gestation and Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD)

Hello,

This is a nice video explanation by Jay!

Pyruvate Carboxylase Vs Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (a mnemonic)

Biochemistry has a lot of enzymes and equations which may make it hard to memorize!
Mnemonics come in handy and make our lives easier :D

I used to mix the function of these two enzymes: PC (Pyruvate Carboxylase) and PD ( Pyruvate Dehydrogenase)
so let’s first write the “simplified equations" with their main outcomes then talk about the mnemonic:

Pyruvate ---Pyruvate Carboxylase → OXloacetate

Pyruvate --Pyruvate Dehydrogenase→ Acetyl-CoA

A good way to remember that PC gives Oxaloacetate is just saying: PC and Xbox ( 2 platforms used for gaming) with the X in Xbox referring to the X in oXaloacetate.

To remember that PD gives Acetyl-CoA, put in mind that we become DEHYRATED in HOT weather so we use AIR CONDITIONERS  (ACs).
Dehydrogenase in Pyruvate dehydrogenase will remind you of dehydration and the need of ACs, consider AC the acronym of Acetyl-CoA ;)

A friend drew this to help simplifying it:

And that’s it :)

-Murad

Depression: A Summary

Hey guys! Here’s a review of Major Depressive Disorder using a whiteboard as help.

Depression is a type of mood disorder with primary disturbance in internal emotional state causing subjective distress and socio-occupational dysfunction.

Learned helplessness is when the individual learns that he/she is helpless in situations where there is a presence of aversive stimuli, has accepted that there’s no control over it, and thus gives up trying.

CLINICAL FEATURES:

The classic mnemonic goes as-

• Depressed mood: Can show diurnal variation. Patient reported. Essential for diagnosis.
• Sleep disturbance: Patients have decreased slow wave sleep duration and R.E.M. latency while having increased total R.E.M. duration with early R.E.M. onset in sleep cycle.
• Interest loss or anhedonia: Inability to attain pleasure from almost any activity. Patient reported. Essential for diagnosis.
• Guilty: Patients have feelings of worthlessness or sin for events they have little or no role in/ control of.
• Energy loss or fatigue
• Concentration difficulties: Usually accompanied with indecisiveness.
• Appetite and weight changes: Can increases or decrease. Usually, there’s a loss of body weight by 5% or more, associated with GI complaints of constipation, dyspepsia etc.
• Psychomotor changes: Retardation or agitation.
• Suicidal ideations: Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or specific plan for committing suicide.

MANAGEMENT:

1st line-

Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Problem Solving Therapy, Emotions Focused Therapy and Behavioural Activation etc.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Fluvoxamine, Escitalopram and Sertraline.

2nd line-

Serotonin/ Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors: Duloxetine, Venlafaxine, Desvenlafaxine.

Tricyclic Antidepressants: Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline, Clomipramine, Desipramine and Imipramine.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Tranylcypromine, Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid, Selegiline.

Atypical antidepressants: Bupropion, Trazodone, Mirtazapine.

Last line-

Electroconvulsive therapy is reserved for:

-Need for a rapid antidepressant reponse

-Failure of drug therapies

-History of good response to ECT

-High risk of suicide

-High risk of medical morbidity and mortality

Further reading:

Normal vs. abnormal grief reaction

Cyclothymia vs Dysthymia

Types of psychotherapy

Hope this helps. Happy studying!

--Ashish Singh

USMLE Mentorship

Hey there. How's it going? So I had this idea of compartmentalizing mentorship for different phases of USMLE.

Normally, what happens is a person asks questions which aren't very specific to a particular phase, and ends up annoying the opposite person.

So what if we divide usmle into 3 steps as they already are, also about paper work, electives, observerships, lodging boarding in different parts of USA, and make a list of people  specific to each step who want to help and provide mentorship. This way many people who are looking to give back to this process, have a chance of passing on the kindness.

So if you are done with any of the steps or want to provide mentorship for any of the things listed above, or have a thing that should be added to the list, send us your name and which part of the process you would like to help with. This way there can be more focused distribution of knowledge and mentorship.

People willing to help, send us your details. If we have enough people willing to volunteer, we can grow this thing into something really helpful. Depending on the number of  responses of volunteers, we will take this thing forward.

Leave your ideas and suggestions, if you have any. Thanks for reading.

If you are willing to help - email me at medicowesome@gmail.com with "USMLE Mentor" in the subject.

If you have IkaNs number on Whatsapp, contact her.

Varicose Veins : Overview

Varicose Vein

Hello Awesomites!
Through this post I'm trying to share the high yielding points on Varicose Veins.

VARICOSE VEINS
Primary:
Congenital absence or incompetence of valves
Inheritance with FOXC2 gene
Klippel-Trenuanay syndrome
Congenital AV fistula
Cutaneous hemangiomas
Hypertrophy of involved limb
Absence of deep venous system

Secondary:
Recurrent thrombophlebitis
Occupational – prolonged standing
Obstruction to venous return –abdominal tumors, retroperitoneal mass, Pregnancy.
Iliac vein thrombosis

Clinical features

Lipodermatosclerosis (brawny induration), pigmentation, thickening, chronic inflammation and induration of skin in calf muscle and around ankle.

Brodie-Trendelenburg test
To assess the competence of SFJ
Patient lies flat, elevate the leg and gently empty the veins, palpate the SFJ and ask the patient to stand whilst maintaining pressure. If the veins do not refill- SFJ is incompetent. If the veins do refill SFJ may or may not be incompetent, presence of distal incompetent perforators.

Cough impulse (Morrisey's test)
Locate the saphenofemoral junction(2-4 cm inferolateral to pubic tubercle) and ask the patient to cough. Impulse or fluid thrill felt indicates saphenofemoral incompetence.

Modified Perthes Test:Ask the patient to stand and tourniquet is applied at SF junction and ask to walk. Superficial veins become prominent – indicate deep vein thrombosis.

Three tourniquet test - To find the site of incompetent perforator
Tourniquets at SFJ, above knee level, below knee level.

Fegan's test:Detect the perforators

Investigations:
Duplex Ultrasound imaging – gold standard
Doppler examination – only when duplex is not available
Phlebography – not needed in primary venous insufficiency. Only performed as preoperative adjuncts when deep venous reconstruction is being planned
Ascending phlebography – differentiates primary from secondary insufficiency
Descending phlebography - identifies specific valvular incompetence suspected on B mode scanning.

Medical treatment:
Calcium dobesilate
Diosmin
Hesperidin
Toxerutin

Surgical management:
Trendelenburg's operation (juxta femoral flush ligation + stripping the varicose vein) for SFJ incompetency

Subfacial ligation of Cockett and Dodd :perforator incompetence with SF competency

VNUS closure(ablation catheter introduced into the SF junction and slowly withdrawn)

TRIVEX – veins identified by subcutaneous illumination; injection of fluid & superficial veins are sucked

Endo venous laser ablation (EVLA)

Sclerotherapy

That's all. Thank you.

-MD Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)

Hutchinson in Medicine

Here's a summary of the important Hutchinson's in medicine!

1. Hutchinson Teeth 
Seen in -  Congenital Syphilis
Feature -  Peg shaped Incisors , Widely spaced and smaller teeth.
Associations - Mulberry Molars : Multi-cusped Molars.

2. Hutchinson Sign of the Nail
Seen in -  Subungual Melanoma
Feature -  Melano-nychia ( Black colored nail) , feature of a melanoma below the nail plate.

3. Pseudo Hutchinson Sign of the Nail
Seen in -  Melanocytic be of nail bed
Feature -  Melano-nychia like appearance.

4. Hutchinson sign
Seen in -  Varicella Zoster infection
Feature -  Vesicle at the tip of the nose - indicative of Zoster infection. May precede Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus.

5. Hutchinson Triad
Seen in -  Congenital Syphilis
Feature -  Hutchinson teeth + Interstitial keratitis + Sensorineural Hearing loss.

6. Hutchinson Patch
Seen in -  Syphilitic Keratitis
Feature -  Salmon patch on the cornea

7. Hutchinson Mask
Seen in -  Tabes Dorsalis, Neurosyphilis
Feature -  Mask like sensation over the face due to involvement of trigeminal.

8. Hutchinson  Pupil
Seen in -  Raised Intracranial tension especially due to a mass.
Feature -  Pupil dilated and unreactive to light due to 3rd cranial nerve compression.

Those are all the Hutchinson I can think of !
Let me know if you got any more.
Happy Studying!
Stay Awesome !