Yesterday we posted an MCQ on a pediatric infection with characteristic appearance of rash on face, involving both cheeks.
Saturday, August 5, 2017
Image based MCQ on pediatric infections
Yesterday we posted an MCQ on a pediatric infection with characteristic appearance of rash on face, involving both cheeks.
Friday, August 4, 2017
Image Based MCQ on Fracture
Yesterday we posted an Image based MCQ on Fracture of forearm bones and here's the answer for it.
Q. The X-ray of forearm in AP and Lateral views as shown in the image is diagnostic of
B. Barton fracture
C. Monteggia fracture-dislocation
D. Colles fracture
Type II: posterior dislocation of radial head
Type III: lateral dislocation of radial head
Type IV: anterior radial head dislocation as well as proximal third ulnar and radial shaft fractures
Thanks for your active participation.
Thursday, August 3, 2017
Causes of chemosis mnemonic
Chemosis is known as oedema of conjunctiva.
Reason:due to exudation from the abnormal capillaries.This retained exudate gives a swollen and gelatinous appearance.
Regions: loosely attached areas of the bulbar conjunctiva and fornices.
Causes: ABC
A: Acute inflammations like gonococcal conjunctivitis, panophthalmitis, dacryocystitis, periostitis, orbital cellulitis.
B: Blood conditions (abnormal) like anaemia, urticaria, angioneurotic oedema, lymphocytic infiltration.
C: Circulatory obstruction in conditions like pulsating exophthalmos or due to pressure of an orbital tumour which may interfere with the lymph and blood drainage.
Thanks for reading.
Madhuri
Causes of hematuria mnemonic
( mnemonic: GH )
- Glomerulonephritis ( post infectious, membranoproliferative, rapid progressive, IgA nephropathy )
- Henoch- Schonlein nephritis
( mnemonic : HEMATURIa )
- Hemorrhage ( cystitis, PCKD )
- Allergic reaction ( interstitial nephritis )
- Trauma or Tumors
- Urinary tract infections / increased Urinary calcium
Renal colic : Important points
Wednesday, August 2, 2017
Tay Sachs Disease
Hello Awesomites!
Here's a Blog on Tay Sachs Disease and some common questions related to it.
Tay-Sachs disease
It is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Tay–Sachs disease is caused by a genetic mutation in the HEXA genes on chromosome 15. It is inherited from a person's parents in an autosomal recessive manner. The mutation results in problems with an enzyme called beta-hexosamidase A ,located on lysosomes,which results in the build up of the toxin GM2 ganglioside within cells. The most common type, known as infantile Tay–Sachs disease, becomes apparent around three to six months of age with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl. This is then followed by seizures, hearing loss, and inability to move. An eye abnormality called a cherry-red spot, which can be identified with an eye examination, is characteristic of this disorder. Death usually occurs in early childhood. Less commonly the disease may occur in later childhood or adulthood. These forms are generally milder in nature.Diagnosis is by measuring the blood hexosaminidase A level or genetic testing.
Frequently asked questions -
The substance which accumulates in Tay Sach’s disease is Ganglioside.
Deficiency of enzyme Hexosaminidase-A causes Tay Sach’s disease.
Cherry red spot at macula may be seen in Tay Sach’s disease.
That's all!
Thank you.
MD Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)
Myopathies series - Part 6
Now we will discuss individual myopathies in detail.
We have discussed the association between metabolic disorder and myopathies.
Metabolic myopathies Intro
Metabolic myopathies (differential diagnosis)
In this part, we will discuss the association between structure of cell (myocytes) and myopathy. Look at the diagrams below :-
I hope it helped.
-Upasana Y. :)
Fact of the day : Neurovascular knockout
Hey Awesomites
Stimulation of trigeminal nerve in the face, vagus nerve, or carotid sinus in the neck may cause a reflex drop in heart rate, dilatation of peripheral blood vessels, and constriction of cerebral blood vessels, which leads to a sudden loss of brain perfusion and unconsciousness. This type of knockout is called "neurovascular knockout".
Blow to the eyesocket, as during boxing may cause a similar knockout, called the oculocardiac reflex due to stimulation of trigeminal nerve ( ophthalmic branch ) and vagus nerve.
- Jaskunwar Singh
Image Based MCQ on ENT instruments
And here's the answer for it.
#Instruments
B. Adenoidectomy
C. Tonsillectomy
D. Parathyroidectomy
Thank you.
Asthma + Eosinophilia
Let us suppose that a patient has the classic signs & symptoms of Asthma and with that she has eosinophilia ( Absolute eosinophil count above 500/mm3).
The next step should be to look at the serum IgE levels.
If it is also elevated-
1. Do a stool examination and serological testing for strongyloidiasis.
2. Do Aspergillus-skin testing and check for aspergillus specific IgE.
If you have got a positive result for one of the above two, you have your diagnosis.
But what if both of the above results come out to be negative.
Then consider Churg Strauss syndrome or Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
That's it!
-VM
Subpleural opacities and Ground Glass Opacities
Hey guys!
I saw a patient today, a 37 year old female patient with chief complaints of cough and shortness of breath. She has a history of allergic rhinitis and migraine. She is also obese with an BMI of 31.
As you must have guessed already she was diagnosed with Bronchial asthma. On the spirometry report done 4 months back, there was an obstructive pattern and after giving bronchodilators her FEV1 increased by 22% (>12%) and FEV1 vol increased by 300ml (>200ml). These findings also strongly support the diagnosis of asthma.
She was started on Albuterol as needed and Salmeterol-fluticasone MDI. She didn't show good response in the first 4 weeks, so she was also started on Montelukast and Tiotropium inhaler.
Now after 4 months, she still had cough and shortness of breath. She had bilateral polyphonic wheezes. A chest X Ray was done which came out to be normal. On pulse oximetry, SaO2 was 97% while breathing ambient air. On chest CT we found two attributes:
Subpleural opacities and Ground glass opacities.
So based on the CT scan findings, differential diagnosis:
Subpleural opacities:
1. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis( previously called Churg Strauss).
2. Organizing pneumonia
3. Pulmonary embolism with resultant subpleural pulmonary infarction
4. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis ( well, not really, actually in this case, there is peripheral air space opacification which looks identical to subpleural opacities)
Now Ground glass opacities:
1. Atypical pneumonia
2. Hypersensitivity pneumonia
3. Several ILDs
4. Sarcoidosis
5. Pulm Edema
6. Pulm Haemorrhage
That's all!
-VM
Monday, July 31, 2017
Cutaneous manifestations of Streptococcus
Hello awesomites!
Here's a collection of Cutaneous infections/diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
Direct infections of skin or subcutaneous tissue-
1. Cellulitis
2. Impetigo
3.Ecthyma,Erysipelas
4. Vulvovaginitis
5. Perianal infection
6. Streptococcal ulcers
7. Blistering distal dactylitis
8. Necrotizing fasciitis
Secondary infection-
Eczema, infestations, ulcers, etc.
Tissue damage from circulating toxins-
1. Scarlet fever
2. Toxic‐shock‐like syndrome
3. Recurrent toxin‐mediated perineal erythema
Skin lesions due to allergic hypersensitivity to Streptococcal antigens
1. Erythema nodosum
2. Vasculitis
Skin disease provoked or influenced by Streptococcal infection (mechanism uncertain)-
1. Psoriasis, especially guttate forms.
2. Kawasaki disease.
That's all!
MD Mobarak Hussain (Maahii)
Gross specimen description
Description of gross specimens is a compulsory exercise in almost all exams.
So, what should you describe about a specimen?
Is it an entire tissue/ organ and which one? And then describe the organ from the capsule to the parenchyma if it is a solid organ or from inside out - mucosa to the serosa if it is an intestine and from the intima to the externa if it is a vessel!
And don't forget the code "C2S2".....
Describe the consistency, the colour and the shape and the size...
So, for eg- description of a fatty liver would be
" A slice of a liver, enlarged in size with rounded borders, capsule not thickened, parenchyma yellowish and greasy, soft in consistency- probably fatty liver"
Is it a bit simple now?
Sunday, July 30, 2017
Masks and Respirators (Respiratory type of PPE)
2. AMONG THE PATIENTS
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23505369/
Flexion Tear Drop Fracture
2. Fracture of the anteroinferior vertebral body (Tear Drop Sign)
3. Loss of anterior height of the vertebral body -Cervical kyphosis.
4. Posterior cervical displacement above the level of injury.
5. Widening of interspinous processes.
6. Intervertebral disc space narrowing.
7. Disruption of the spinolaminar line.
8. Vertebral body rotation with an AP diameter that appears smaller than on other levels.
9. Anterior dislocation of the facet joints.
Thank you.
Image Based MCQ on Shoulder Dystocia
Yesterday we posted an Image based MCQ on Shoulder Dystocia.
And as promised here is the answer.
Q. The image given below represents:
B. Woods corkscrew maneuver
C. Cleidotomy
D. Zavanelli maneuver
In this maneuver, legs of the mother will be abducted and flexed against the abdomen. It causes cephalic rotation of the pelvis. Along with this gentle suprapubic pressure is applied by the assistant.
Saturday, July 29, 2017
Image Based MCQ on Health Programs
Yesterday we posted an Image based MCQ on Health Programs.
And as promised here is the answer to the question.
#PSM
#Community_Medicine
Q. The following image represents:
A. Rashtriya swasthya bima yojana
B. Mid day meal program
C. Integrated child development service
D. Mission Indradhanush
Sequence of appearance of papilledema
The optic disc margins start to blur in the following order in papilledema-
1. Superior
2. Inferior
3. Nasal
4. Temporal
Blurring first occurs where the nerve fibre density is the highest.The optic disc being ovoid in shape, with taperings superiorly and inferiorly, the nerve fibre density is higher there. Hence such a sequence.
That's all!
-Sushrut Dongargaonkar
Question on larynx
#Anatomy
Sensory supply of larynx, below the vocal cord-
A) Superior laryngeal nerve
B) Inferior laryngeal nerve
C) Recurrent laryngeal nerve
D)Internal laryngeal nerve
Things must be know.
All intrinsic muscles of larynx are supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve except cricothyroid. Cricothyroid is supplied by external laryngeal nerve.
Friday, July 28, 2017
Image Based MCQ on Blood Agar
Q. Which organism shows the below depicted phenomenon when incubated with staphylococcus aureus on blood agar:
B. Bacillus anthracis
C. Haemophilus influenzae
D. Corynebacterium diphtheria