Nuclear medicine practice question: Half-Value Layer

You are conducting a radiographic imaging experiment using four different materials with distinct Half-Value Layers (HVLs). The materials and their respective HVLs are as follows:
Material A: HVL = 5 mm of aluminum
Material B: HVL = 3 mm of lead
Material C: HVL = 8 mm of copper
Material D: HVL = 6 mm of steel
You have sheets of these materials, each with a thickness of 10 mm. Your task is to determine which material, at a thickness of 10 mm, attenuates the most photons.
Which material is expected to exhibit the highest photon attenuation under these conditions?

A) Material A
B) Material B
C) Material C
D) Material D

1 mCi = 37 MBq mnemonic for nuclear boards

Nasal septal fracture Mnemonic

I have tried to make a mnemonic for nasal cartilage septal fracture by making some association with the name

Jarjaway fracture = make me think pike George is away. That he means he walked on some path and paths are generally horizontal. So fracture is horizontal. And for horizontal fractures we need blow from front 

Chevalier fracture = makes me think of shovel and you know when it is used it is struck on the ground almost inclined or vertical. So vertical fracture and for that fracture we need blow from below 

I hope these associations work for you

InShaAllah

Thank you❤

Mnemonic for Toxicity of loop diuretics | Mnemonic

 For toxicity of loop diuretics, mnemonic is as follows:

keep the word Hypo 

so now count down all hypos:

• hyponatremia
• hypokalemia'
• hypocalcemia
• hypomagnesemia
• hypovolemia

and from word (hypo) letters:

H..................

y (if you write it in small case letter on paper, its upper part resembles u) = uric acid (and removing the o from hypo makes hyp = hyperuricemia)

p (rhymes with b) = B1 deficiency (which actually worsens in heart failure)

and O = ototoxicity 

this is makes easier for me to remember the toxicities of loop diuretics easier than cramming them all or making a sentence or word unrelated to loop diuretics, so word hypo is quite relevant for loop diuretics so it can be a good anchor in your mind

I hope it works for you all 

InShaAllah

Thank you 💓

Types of radioactive decay mnemonic

Alpha decay

2 protons, 2 neutrons (Helium atom)

Mnemonic: AH

Beta decay

Electron, high energy is emitted

Mnemonic: BE

That's all! 

-IkaN 

Loop diuretics Mnemonic | Clinical Indications of Loop diuretics

 Mnemonic for clinical indications of loop diuretics is as follows

From the word loop diuretics, my mind first thinks about loop as wave like thing and diuretic to be water related

So mnemonic is also related to it like that

HEEHA........ (as if you are skating on sea waves)

H = heart failure

E = edema  (pulmonary)

E = edema (peripheral)

H = hypertension (in case of renal failure and you are trying to treat fluid overload)

A = onion overdose 

I hope it works for you all

InShaAllah

Thank you 💓

Mnemonic | Ramsay Hunt Syndrome

Here is a mnemonic for Ramsay hunt syndrome triad 

Taken from the name of the disease:

Ram Said to me, Hunt!

Ram said from his mouth, so associate this point with facial paralysis

He said to me to Hunt so I heard it from my ears and hunt is always with injuries, so external auditory canal vesicular lesions (which are painful)

I hope you understood this linker Mnemonic and would have good place in your mind Palace 👽

InShaAllah

Thank you❤👻👽

And that's it

Mnemonic | Triad of Melkersson Syndrome

For the triad of Melkersson syndrome, I tried to make a mnemonic from the name of the disease. 

Here it is 

Pronounce MelKerSon by dividing the whole word into 3 parts and note which part of your mouth plays part in it

Mel = you used your lips mainly 

Ker = you used your tongue to pronounce it

Son = you remembered your son and his face came infront of your sight

So 

Mel = swollen lips

Ker = fissured tongue 

Son = facial paralysis 

I hope it works for you all

InShaAllah!

Thank you❤👽👻

Mnemonic | Common locations of Primary Brain Parenchymal Hemorrhage

The Name has the mnemonic in it for the common locations of Primary Brain Parenchymal hemorrhages:

Brain Paren/chyma (divided the word parenchyma by syllable into 2):

Brain = Basal ganglia

Paren = Pons

CHyma = Cerebellum, tHalamus 

I hope it works for you all

InShaAllah!

Thank you💓

Mnemonic | Classification of Otitis Media Complications

Complications of otitis media are classified into Intratemporal and intracranial. 

To remeber them i have made a mnemonoc from the word TeMPoraL

First IntraTemporal

T = T appears like 7 , so 7th never paralysis

e

M = mastoiditis 

P = Petroitis 

ora

L = labrynthitis

Now Extra temporal from the same word teMPOraL

Just one letter is changed ( here O is used and in previous one it was T )

te

M = Meningitis (and relate to it is extradural and subdural abscess)

P = flip it vertically =b = brain abscess

O = Otitic Hydrocephalus

ra

L = Lateral sinus Thrombophlebitis

I hope it will be handy for you attempt short questions in your exams regarding complications of otitis media

InShaAllah!

Thank you👽❤

Mnemonic for Ototoxic drugs

Some of the ototoxic drugs are presented to you here with a mnemonic 

Think about a situation when you got deaf due to some ototoxic drugs and now you go to a pandet named Adam for cure

So Pandet Adam is our mnemonic 

P = Propranolol, platins(cisplatin, carboplatin)

A = aminoglycosides

N = NSAIDs (ibuprofen, salicylate, indomethacin)

D = Diuretics (furosamide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide)

E = eryhtromycin 

T = tobacco 

A = Alcohol

D = defroxamide 

A = ampicllin 

M = anti Malarial (quinine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine)

And that's it. 

I hope it works for you all

InShaAllah!

Thank you❤

Perinatal Causes of Hearing loss | Mnemonic

 Imagine a situation in which an immature baby is to be born to a mother, so baby will be of low birth weight, and since there is birth going on early so there maybe a problem of anoxia due to prolonged labour, in this situation obstetrician will try to operate and get baby out quickly, so a chance of birth injury is there, birth injury may lead to meningitis, that may end up in sepsis, and for that we will need drugs and admission in NICU to handle the situation. 

So after keeping this type of perinatal situation in mind, you can keep some of the preniatal causes of heading loss 

1. Immaturity and low birth weight
2. Anoxic
3. Birth injury
4. Neonatal meningitis 
5. Sepsis
6. Time spent in NICU
7. Ototoxic drug
8. Neonatal jaundice (not in the mnemonic)

I hope it works for you all again like always

InShaAllah!

Thank you ❤

Mnemonic | Average Hearing loss in Different Ear lesions

The mnemonic was quite difficult in its genesis. 

But here it is:

Complete obstruction of Ear canal = 3ar (flip the E to 3) = 30dB loss

Perforation of tympanic membrane = perFORation = 40 = 10 - 40dB

Malleolar fixation = malle01ar = 10 = 10 - 25dB

Ossicular interruption with intact drum = 54dB (couldn't make for it 🥲)

Ossicular interruption with perforated drum = among all numbers from 1 - 10 which digit is most perforated? ( I mean having more holes)

The answer is 8 and vertical half of 8 is 3 so 38dB

Closure of oval Window = thats the last resort of conductive hearing loss and max hearing loss possible in conductive hearing loss is 60dB never above it. So no mnemonic for it. 

If you have any better than this pet me know in the comments 

I hope it works for you

In Sha Allah!

Thank you❤

Mnemonic | Congenital and Acquired causes of Conductive hearing loss

Some of the causes of Congenital and acquired conductive hearing loss can be remembered with this mnemonic

Think about a Calf being given birth by (obviously😂) a cow. So she just got mom for the first time (ft)  

So here it is the mnemonic just heard

Congenital causes of conductive hearing loss

CAlF:

C = Cholesteatoma

A = Atresia ( of meatus )

l...........................

F = fixation of malleable head, footplate of stapes a ossivular discontinuity 

Now the Acquired causes of conductive hearing loss

MOM FT.

M = Membrane (tympanic) perforation 

O = ossicles fixation or discontinuity 

M = Mass in middle ear

F = Fluid in the middle ear

T = Tubal Blockage ( eustachian tube )

You can add in them further the examples in the causes I listed here. 

I hope it works again for you people

In Sha Allah!

Thank you👻

Morphology of Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

The morphology of crescentic glomerulonephritis seen in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is quite easy, so here i am just sharing the difference between differences in the types of RPGN only:

Points of difference		Immune complex mediated	Anti GBM antibody mediated	Pauci immune type
Endocapillary proliferation		ü	û	û
Mesangial proliferation		ü
Immunofluorescence	Linear staining	û	ü	û
	Granular staining	ü	û	û
Dense immune complex deposits		ü	û	û

I hope it will help you in remembering the morphology 

In Sha Allah

see you soon with something new again IA

Thank you 😊

Mnemonic | Morphology of IgA nephropathy

 Morphology of IgA nephropathy will be derived from its pathogenesis and the disease name.

so the mnemonic is presented here:

Pathogenesis = indicates about role of immunoglobulins and mesangial cells

now about these 2 things take the name of the disease:

IgA = A = All 

= all main antibodies in infections (IgA, IgG, IgM) 

= all mainly possible mesangial morphologies ranging from mesangial widening, diffuse mesangial proliferation endocapillary proliferation, segmental sclerosis, , to crescentic glomerulonephritis  

(remember it by keeping in mind the structure of glomerulus in which from center to periphery comes mycangium, capillaries and then epithelium of glomerulus)

I hope it works for you all again 👽

In Sha Allah!

Thank you 💓

Mnemonic | Uncinate Herniation / Transtentorial Herniation

The word that comes first in my mind when i see uncinate written in the book is UNCLE

I don't know why but this is what it is!

so my UnKle is PHD

U = uncinate herniation

K = Kernohan's Notch 

P = posterior cerebral artery compression

H = hemiparesis (ipsilateral)

D  = Duret hemorrhage (midbrain and pons)

• and from posterior cerebral artery point and hemiparesis, another thing can be linked which is CN# 3 paralysis

because posterior cerebral artery supply mainly occipital lobe so some problem with eye may occur which is actually related to oculomotor nerve compression (just a linker not the actual pathophysiology)

I hope it works for you all again!

In Sha Allah!

Thank you 💓

Mnemonic | Morphology of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Here again I am back with another mnemonic to remember the morphology of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis 

Pathology is fun 😭😂

I hope the feelings are obvious to everyone now lol 😁

this mnemonic will be mainly derived from the name of the disease:

Membrano proliferative Glomerulonephritis:

• if I abbreviate this disease to MG (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis), than i can make you remebr that MG is a car manufacturing company so its cars would make a tram track appearance on roads when they are driven

and then comes the breakdown of the disease name:

• Membrano = meaning something wrong is with basement membrane of glomerular capillaries

tram track appearance 

• Proliferative  = meaning something is proliferating 

so endothelium, mesangium is proliferating (ME from membrano)

• Glomerulonephritis = inflammation indicates infiltration of leukocytes as it is a nephritic syndrome mainly

specific types of Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis have these all above said features but certain differences which are mentioned in this table below:

Differences	Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 1	Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type 2 (C3 glomerulopathy)	Dense deposit disease
C3 deposits	↑   Deposited in irregular pattern (subendothelial ONLY)	↑↑   Waxy deposits (mesangial, subendothelial and tubular BM)	↑↑↑   Ribbon like highly dense deposits (mesangial, subendothelial and tubular BM)
Classic complement system components	Present	Absent	Absent

I hope this was fun also for you like always!

I hope it works you again

In Sha Allah!

Thank you 💓

feel free to ask any study related question in the comment section👽

Mnemonic | Morphology of Membranous Nephropathy |

Morphologies are always very difficult, atleast for me and my colleagues 😥

so I have made a mnemonic for the membranous nephropathy morphology:

I will try to keep it simple and make the name of the disease a major hint for the morphology:

4 things will get evident from the name of the disease:

1.  Word membranous indicates towards basement membrane of capillaries of glomerulus, and what can happen to it in inflammation or disease?

mostly thickening of basement membrane of capillaries

2.  M stands for Mehrab (the place where Muslim religious leader of stands to lead the prayer) - picture is shown below

   

took this image from alamy website (and these pictures are downloadable from there without any consent)

so the leader stands in it and it appears like dome if seen from outside = dome and spike pattern 

3.   next comes the dome again,  as I described the dome appearance from outside of this mehrab so if I imagine that dome being the outside of capillaries which will blink in mind the point of 

sub epithelial deposits 

(as epithelium is on the outside of capillaries in glomerulus)

   

4.  remaining morphology is same as in other nephrotic syndromes (effacement of podocytes, etc.)

I know it has got long but to remember morphologies and then forgetting is worst than understanding this mnemonic and keeping the memory long enough atleast till final exam. lol 😂

I hope it works again for you like my other mnemonics

In Sha Allah!

Thank you 💓

Roll over phenomenon | A kind of Mnemonic |

Roll over phenomenon is even though simple thing but still a good memory anchor would be beneficial in future.

so here it is a mnemonic for how to remember roll over phenomenon

what does the word indicate from roll over?

 it means roll over something or like that meaning 

now look at the picture of its graph, it also shows like as if it just rolled up the hill and then over it and then rolled down the hill  like a car. lol

so that is it, the roll over phenomenon, meaning sound intensity is best heard at the peak of the mountain and it decreases on either side of the rolled over mountain.

i hope your brain keep this anchor with it for your life long

In Sha Allah

Thank you