Sunday, April 30, 2017
Collier's Sign
Hey guys!
Collier’s sign (“posterior fossa stare,” “tucked lid” sign) is elevation and retraction of the upper eyelids, baring the sclera above the cornea, with the eyes in the primary position or looking upward.
This may be seen with upper dorsal midbrain supranuclear lesions (e.g., Parinaud’s syndrome). There may be accompanying paralysis of vertical gaze (especially upgaze) and light-near pupil-
lary dissociation.
The sign is thought to reflect damage to the posterior commissure levator palpebrae superioris inhibitory fibers; causing overactivity of this muscle.
-VM
Hydatid cyst mnemonic
Here's a mini mnemonic on hydatid cyst. Caused by E. Granulosus.
H - Hepatic cysts common
Y -
D - Dogs are definitive host
A - Albendazole treatment (Remember, anaphylaxis risk if aspirated)
T -
I -
D -
C - Calcification (eggshell calcification)
Y -
S -
T -
That's all!
-IkaN
Phencyclidine intoxication mnemonic
Melanoma marker mnemonic
The immunohistological marker for melanoma is HMB 45.
You can remember it by remembering the gorilla named 'Harambe' (HaraMBe) of Cincinnati zoo who was in the news as he unfortunately had to be put down because a child entered his enclosure.
You can correlate melanoma's black pigment with that of Harambe's black fur.
That's all!
- Sushrut Dongargaonkar
Chronic granulomatous disease mnemonic
Chronic granulomatous disease mnemonic
CGD - GRANULES!
G - chronic Granulomatous disease
R - Rhodamine (Dihydrorhodamine abnormal flow cytometry)
R - ROS, Respiratory burst decreased
A - Abscess / Granulomas
N - Nitroblue tetrazolium dye test
N - NADPH oxidase defective
Catalase positive organisms mnemonic: CATALASE!
Candida
Aspergillus
Tuberculosis
Listeria
Staphylococcus aureus
Serratia
pSeudomonas
E coli
That's all!
-IkaN
Deglutition
Upward into nasopharynx: Prevented by elevation of soft palate.
Forward into larynx: Prevented as follows(Only if you don’t talk while swallowing food :P
- Approximation of vocal cords
- Forward and upward movement of vocal cords
- Backward movements of epiglottis to seal opening of larynx
- This causes Deglutition Apnea
- Pharyngoesophageal sphincter relaxes.
- Also upward movement of larynx stretches opening of oesophagus.
Primary peristaltic contractions
Secondary peristaltic contractions
It undergoes Receptive Relaxation. i.e. it relaxes only upon entry of bolus. Otherwise it is constricted.We have 2 clinical conditions associated with it:
1.Achlasia cardia : Failure of sphincter to relax during swallowing. Causes accumulation of food in oesophagus.
2.Gastroesophageal Reflex disease(GERD): Due to incompetence of LES. Acidic content from stomach regurgitates back into pharynx.
Thank you,
Chaitanya Inge
Saturday, April 29, 2017
Friday, April 28, 2017
Mnemonic for Sulci And Gyri of the cerebrum
Memorising sulci and gyri of the cerebrum consists of two parts:
- Memorising the names of the sulci and gyri
- Memorising the locations
Lets start with Superolateral surface
We have 4 regions on superolateral surface. They are
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
Frontal
Sulci:
- Precentral
- Superior frontal
- Inferior frontal
- Precentral
- Superior Frontal
- Inferior frontal
- Middle frontal
Sulci:SI Gyri: SMI
Names of Sulci are:
- Superior Temporal
- Inferior Temoral
- Superior Temporal
- Middle Temporal
- Inferior Temporal
Parietal
Sulci: PI Gyri: PSI
- Postcentral
- Intraparietal
- Post central
- Superior Parietal
- Inferior Parietal
SaLLTy C
- Superior and Inferior Polar
- Lunate
- Lateral Occipital
- Transverse Occipital
- Calcarine
- Gyrus descendens
- Inferior Occipital
- Superior Occipital
- Arcus parieto-occipitalis.
- Calcarine
- Callosal
- Cingulate
- Anterior parolfactory
- Posterior Parolfactory
- Parieto-Occipital
- Suprasplenial or subparietal
- Median frontal
- Cuneus
- Cingulate
- Paraterminal
- Paraolfactory
- Paracentral
- Precuneus
- Collateral
- H shaped orbital sulci
- Olfactory
- Occipitotemporal
- Rhinal
Gyri(purpled coloured in mnemonic
- Parahippocampal
- Posterior Orbital
- Lateral orbital
- Anterior Orbital
- Lingual
- Lateral Occipitotemporal
- Gyrus rectus
- Median Occipitotemporal
- Medial Orbital
That's all,
Thankyou,
Chaitanya Inge
Blood Supply And Nerve Supply of the Scalp
Hello Everyone!
Today we will discuss blood supply and nerve supply of the scalp. Just too many nerves and arteries out there. But there is a way out.
- Sensory
- Motor
- Supratrochlear (Opthalmic division)
- Supraorbital (Opthalmic division)
- Zygomaticotemporal (Maxillary division)
- Auriculotemporal (Mandibular division)
- Great Auricular(C2,C3)
- Lesser Occipital(C2)
- Greater Occipital(C2)
- Third Occipital(C3)
- Arterial supply:
- Supratrochlear
- Supraorbital
- Superficial Temporal
- Posterior Auricular
- Occipital
- Venous Drainage: Common, thats simple. Names corresponds to arteries.
- But there's a twist. The superficial temporal along with maxillary vein wants to drain in external as well as internal jugular. So they form retro mandibular vein whose course is pretty clear in diagram.
Thursday, April 27, 2017
How to draw midbrain sections and lesions (Fun mnemonic diagrams)
Hello everyone!
Brain sections are super hard to remember, I imagine them as monsters and this is how I draw them:
Paraneoplastic Dermatoses - Bazex Syndrome.
Hello everybody,
So to continue our series on cutaneous manifestations of internal malignancies
Let's quickly learn about Bazex Syndrome.
Bazex syndrome — acrokeratosis
paraneoplastica is a paraneoplastic phenomenon associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper digestive tract.
Presents more commonly in Males and over the age of 40.
Presentation: Erythematous to violaceous psoriasiform plaques predominantly located in acral areas (especially the fingers, toes, nose, and helices).
Nail dystrophy, palmoplantar keratoderma, and alopecia are common.
In most patients, manifestations of Bazex syndrome precede the diagnosis of malignancy or the malignancy is diagnosed concurrently.
The lesions of Bazex syndrome are usually resistant to targeted therapies, but treatment of the neoplasm usually leads to resolution of the cutaneous findings, although not always.
Let's learn together!
-Medha!
Wednesday, April 26, 2017
Tuesday, April 25, 2017
Exam Prep Hacks -Tips for a lazy person
The Basics : Deviated Nasal Septum
Deviated Nasal Septum - "Abnormal and asymmetrical alignment of the nasal septum that results in acute nasal obstruction and other symptoms of upper respiratory tract."
AETIOLOGY -
1. Trauma : Abnormal pressure ( lateral or frontal ) applied to nasal septum results in its deviation to one side or another.
- The lateral blow may cause displacement of septal cartilage from the vomerine groove and maxillary crest.
Groove on which septal cartilage sits ( encircled ) - lateral view Diagram by IkaN. |
- Frontal blow causes crushing injuries to the nose, usually occurs in sportspersons especially the boxers.
2. Developmental anomalies : Palate forms the base of nasal septum. Highly arched palate, cleft palate or lip, and dental abnormalities can all lead to deviation of the septum.
3. Racial factors : Caucasians have more incidence of DNS.
4. Hereditary : Familial predisposition.
TYPES of DNS -
1. Anterior dislocation : dislocation of nasal septum into one of the chambers. ( unilateral nasal obstruction )
2. C - shaped dislocation : simple curve to one side with compensatory hypertrophy of turbinates in other side. It causes unilateral nasal obstruction.
3. S - shaped deformity : causes bilateral nasal obstruction
4. Spurs : shelf - like projections may lead to headache and epistaxis. ( unilateral obstruction )
5. Thickening : due to septal hematoma
CLINICAL FEATURES of DNS mnemonic
TREATMENT - Only required if the symptoms are severe. The procedures are to be done once the patient is more than 17 years old.
- Septoplasty : The most deviated parts of nasal septum are removed and rest of the parts are surgically corrected and repositioned.
- Submucous resection ( SMR ) : Mucoperiosteal and mucoperichondral flaps that overlie one side of the septum are lifted. Most of the septum is removed and flaps repositioned.
Thats all
Hope this helped :)
- Jaskunwar Singh
External Carotid Artery branches mnemonic
External Carotid Artery branches mnemonic - Seven Angry Ladies Fighting Over PMS
Cranial nerve III damage (Oculomotor nerve damage mnemonic)
The CN III has both motor (central) and parasympathetic (peripheral) components.
Which fibers get affected in diabetes?
Which would lead to loss of pupillary light reflex?
Which fibers are compressed first?
Which would cause the down and out pupil?
Don't know? Check the video out!