Saturday, May 19, 2018
Leech therapy for venous congestion
Tuesday, May 15, 2018
AML and ALL differentiating features.
Cell morphology:
Cytochemistry:
Immunophenotyping:
AFASS criteria
AFASS CRIETRIA is used to decide whether a HIV positive mother can breast feed or not provided that she has not started top feed yet.
(Why? Once the mother started to top feed the child, this criteria is not used. HIV positive mother in such case should continue top feed. Because mixed kind of feed is more dangerous than top feed alone)
Acceptable: The mother perceives no problem in replacement feeding. Potential problems may be cultural, social, or due to fear of stigma and discrimination.
Feasible: The mother (or family) has adequate time, knowledge, skills, resources and support to correctly mix formula or milk and feed the infant up to 12 times in 24 hours.
Affordable: The mother and family, with community or health system support if necessary, can pay the cost of replacement feeding without harming the health or nutrition status of the family.
Sustainable: Availability of a continuous supply of all ingredients needed for safe replacement feeding for up to one year of age or longer.
Safe: Replacement foods are correctly and hygienically prepared and stored, and fed preferably by cup.
Source: http://motherchildnutrition.org/info/afass-principles.html (Click to know what all questions are asked)
-Upasana Y.:)
Inguinal lymph nodes
Today we will study Inguinal Lymph nodes along with its clinical significance.
Most of the lower limb is drained by superficial inguinal lymph nodes except the territory of short saphenous vein (This part of lower limb is drained by popliteal group of lymph nodes).
Inguinal lymph nodes are the frequent sites of metastasis for malignant lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal, vulva and penis, malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of skin over lower extremities or trunk.
Saturday, May 12, 2018
Allergic Broncho-Pulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) treatment mnemonic
Allergic Broncho- Pulmonary Aspergillosis ==> as => Allergic BronC-Orticosteroids Pulmonary Aspergillosis
and that's it :)
-Murad
Sunday, May 6, 2018
Query on Step 2 CS deadline & match timeline
I read this link and I'm confused, it says:
To participate in the National Resident Matching Program® (NRMP®) Main Residency Match®, international medical students/graduates must have passed all exams required for ECFMG Certification. If you plan to participate in the 2019 Match (in March 2019) and still need to pass Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS), you should register now to take the examination.
To help ensure that your result will be available in time to participate in the 2019 Match, you must take Step 2 CS by December 31, 2018. If you do not register now and schedule soon, it is possible that you will not be able to obtain a test date in 2018. At the time of this writing, the earliest available test date at any test center is in August 2018.
Link: April 2018 https://www.ecfmg.org/news/2018/04/09/imgs-participating-in-2019-match-should-apply-for-step-2-cs-now/
I plan to apply for matching in 2019, do I need to take the exam in December 2018?
- Sent through email
Hello,
Let me clear terminologies before I start explaining.
Match 2018 means: Application in September 2017, results in March 2018, Residency starts in July 2018.
You said apply for matching in 2019, which means apply in September 2019 for the March 2020 match, yes?
Let's talk about the 2019 match mentioned in the link you sent. It says currently, there will be no availability of testing centres for this year's match (September 2018 application, March 2019 Match, Residency starts in July 2019). The ECFMG website is able to predict the number of applications that they are going to receive. This year, they predict there will be no testing centers available, which is why I am guessing they are asking you to register in April (register now).
Your confusion arises because of two reasons:
You don't know the match terminologies with respect to the year.
You don't know the timeline for the match.
When they mean apply right now and give the exam before December, they are talking as a general mandatory requirement. IT IS A ABSOLUTE MUST HAVE.
To be a competitive candidate, IMGs tend to give the exam in such a way that the results are out before September so that we have all the exam results before the application cycle of the match. IT IS OPTIONAL BUT PREFERRED.
So really, the virtual deadline to give the exam for us is July. We also prefer to graduate before September to get ECFMG certified, however, it's not mandatory.
It is quite vigilant of you to keep an eye out for these notices on the ECFMG website.
Since the dates are not easily available, when you plan to go for an elective, try to register in advance.
If you go to the ECFMG website, there is a site called a step 2 CS scheduling and you can view the dates available at various centres. So register as soon as possible if you want to get your desired dates. Here's the link https://csess2.ecfmg.org/calendar.aspx
PS: The step 2 CS permit is available for one year and it does not expire quickly (compared to other exam permits that expire in 3 months) which is a huge advantage.
So to summarize, July is the ideal deadline for Step 2 CS to get results before September (Application submission). December is the mandatory deadline to get result before February (ROL submission, to be eligible for the match).
Google the step 2 CS reporting schedule to help plan for your match.
https://www.ecfmg.org/news/2018/04/18/results-reporting-schedule-for-step-2-cs/
Hope that helps!
-IkaN
Saturday, May 5, 2018
Enamel Rods
- An enamel rod is the basic unit of tooth enamel.
- Measuring 4 μm wide to 8 μm high,
- An enamel rod is a tightly packed, highly organized mass of hydroxyapatite crystals
- It provides rigidity to the rods and strengthens the enamel.
- Enamel rods normally have a clear crystalline structure
- Light can pass through rods
- Many rods have a fish scale appearance
- Shape: Hexagonal
- Pattern: Keyhole or paddle-shaped prism pattern
Number:
- 5 million= mandibular lower incisor to
- 12 million= maxillary first molar
The direction of rods:
- Rods are rarely straight, they follow a wavy course from dentin to the enamel surface
- Generally, they are oriented at the right angles to Dentin surface
- Horizontal direction in the cervical and central part of the Crown
- Oblique to vertical direction in the incisal regions
- Rods are built up of segments separated by Dark Line in a rhythmic manner
- Visible by the action of mild acids
- Striations are uniform of 4 centimetre
Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath- HERS
- It originates from the cervical portion of the enamel organ.
- It plays an important role in determining shape length size and number of roots.
- It is a double layer of cells which consists of outer enamel epithelium and inner enamel epithelium.
- Root sheath extends around dental papilla and separates it from surrounding dental follicle all through except the Basil portion.
- Inner enamel epithelial layer of root sheath influences the formation of odontoblast from the outer portion of the radicular dental papilla.
- These odontoblasts lead to the formation of the first layer of radicular dentin.
- HERS loses its continuity
- The cells of the dental follicle or dental sac invade double layer of HERS
- Root sheath degenerates to form epithelial Islands
Transitory Sutures
Enamel Knot: Enamel organ cells form a knob-like extension which extends to the underlying dental papilla.
Enamel cord: it is a vertical extension of enamel knot
Enamel septum: when enamel cord extends to meet outer enamel epithelium it divides stellate reticulum into two parts
Enamel navel: Depression present at the junction of enamel septum and Outer enamel epithelium is known as enamel navel and it resembles umbilicus
Enamel Knot signals determine the shape of the tooth
Enamel Knot and Enamel cord act as a reservoir of dividing cells
Tuesday, May 1, 2018
Human Papilloma Virus mnemonics
=> Write Human Papilloma Virus with 11 instead of the 2 Ls so it becomes as follows:
Human Papi11oma Virus
the 11 in papilloma will remind you of number 11 :)
=> remember HPV as the Highest Prevalent Virus :P
so this will remind you that it is the commonest STD
and that's it
-Murad
MDMA mnemonic
Hyperthermia
Delirium
Psychomotor agitation
Hyponatremia
Intracranial hemorrhage
Myocardial infarction
Aortic dissection
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Rhabdomyolysis
Seizures
Serotonin syndrome
Monday, April 30, 2018
Conjunctival xerosis mnemonics
Hello everyone today let's discuss the causes and treatment of conjunctival xerosis.
So basically there are two types of conjunctival xerosis.
a. Epithelial xerosis
b. Parenchymatous xerosis
Epithelial xerosis.
The most common example is Xerophthalmia i.e. Vitamin A deficiency.
Let us discuss Xerophthalmia.
The cause of vitamin A deficiency is mostly its dietary deficiency or defective absorption.
The new WHO classification of Xerophthalmia
XN: Night Blindness
X1A: conjunctival xerosis
X1B: bitots spots
X2: corneal xerosis
X3A: keratomalacia <1/3rd of cornea
X3B: keratomalacia >1/3rd of cornea
XS: corneal scar
XF: fundal changes – known as Uyemura spots, these are defects in the Retinal
Pigment Epithelium.
Treatment:
It consists of local ocular therapy with artificial tears along with vitamin A therapy.
Schedule for vitamin A is as follows :
>1 year of age – 1lakh IU i.m. given on 0 1 14 days
OR
2lakh IU orally given on 0 1 14 days
<1 year of age – half the dose.
This has to be carried along with treatment of underlying causes like malnutrition or other disorders like diarrhoea dehydration.
Other causes of night blindness:
1. High myopia
2. Late stage of angle closure glaucoma
3. Oguchi syndrome
4. Gyrate atrophy of choroid
5. Retinitis pigmentosa
Parenchymatous Xerosis
It mainly involves the adenoid layer of the conjunctiva.
It can take place due two main reasons holla! We have a mnemonic here
1. Due to cicatrizing disorders (cicatrizing disorders turn conjunctiva reasonably shrivelled)
2. Due to over exposure to atmosphere ( marked exposure causes parenchymatous xerosis)
Cicatrizing disorders
1. Cicatricial phemphigoid
2. Diptheric membranous conjunctivitis
3. Trachoma
4. Chemical burns
5. Radiotherapy
6. Stevens-johnson syndrome
Overexposure to atmosphere
1. Marked proptosis
2. Ectropion
3. Coma (lack of blinking)
4. Palsy of cranial nerve 7 (facial palsy)
That’s all for now,
Stay Awesome!
Keep calm and keep studying!
- Ashish G. Gokhale
Wednesday, April 25, 2018
Step 2 CK: Blunt abdominal trauma
When you are presented with a case of blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) in your exam, first determine whether the patient is stable or unstable.
Monday, April 23, 2018
USMLEowesome: Basics about the Step 2 CS exam
Saturday, April 21, 2018
Coronary circulation: Fun fact about blood flow to the myocardium
Many of us have always thought that the heart itself receives blood during diastole which is only partially true. Here is the complete story.
Getting back to basics, let us revise a bit about the cardiac anatomy.
Thursday, April 19, 2018
Tuesday, April 17, 2018
USMLEowesome: United States Clincal Experience (USCE), electives and obs...
Intended audience: Those who want to know more about USCE
What this video will cover:
Why do you need USCE?
Types of USCE
Deciding where to apply, which electives?
Paperwork required for electives (brief overview)
Strong letter (applicable for USCE and the match)
CV (brief overview)
Visa interview: Important! Do not mess it up!
If you are not accepted: Have back ups!
If you are accepted: Video for another time :)
Links from the video:
Types of USCE:
http://www.medicowesome.com/2016/03/a-short-post-on-how-to-apply-for.html
http://www.medicowesome.com/2016/04/dr-thinker-united-states-clinical.html
http://www.medicowesome.com/2017/06/my-elective-experience.html
http://electives.us/typesofusce.html
Paperwork:
http://www.medicowesome.com/2016/03/a-short-post-on-how-to-apply-for.html
http://electives.us/electiveapplication.html
Read this before your visa interview: http://electives.us/usvisaandelectives.html
Link to the powerpoint:
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1aRH5u4Vk7RfHIKrBsDl0TjTMtuVmlVnW
That's all!
-IkaN
Sunday, April 15, 2018
USMLEowesome: Studying for the USMLE Step 1 exam
The intended audience for this video is those who have decided to give the exam and are starting to study for it.