(The palmar ridges are accentuated and resemble to the stomach mucosa of a ruminant-tripe.)
-Medha.
Hi everyone. Just a list of changes you can see in the nails in different systemic Diseases. So let's get nailed ;)
1. Clubbing -
Loss of angle between the nail and the nail fold - More soft and bulbous nail.
Typically indicates Cardio Pulmonary function disturbance :
--> Cardiac conditions like Cyanotic heart disease, Infective endocarditis and Atrial myxoma.
--> Respiratory conditions :
Neoplastic like CA lung ( Esp. Squamous cell CA) , Mesothelioma.
Infective like Bronchiectasis , Abscess , Empyema.
(Non cardiorespiratory causes = Inflammatory bowel disease, Biliary Cirrhois.
Thyroid Acropachy , Acromegaly. )
2. Koilonychia -
Spoon shaped nails.
Strongly indicative of Iron Deficiency anemia or Fungal nail infection.
3. Onycholysis -
Destruction of nail.
Seen in Psoriasis , Hyperthyroid and Fungal nail infection.
4. Chronic Paronychia -
Inflammation of nail fold. May have swollen nail and discharge with throbbing pain. May occur due to frequent nail biting.
5. Cyanosis -
Can be looked for in nail bed. We have a post on this already.
6. Beau line -
Transverse furrows from temporary arrest of nail growth due to increased stress.
Nails grow at 0.1 mm/d , so furrow distance from the cuticle can be used to time the attack. Can be seen in Malaria , Typhus , Rheumatic fever , Kawasaki.
7. Mees line -
White transverse bands in Arsenic poisoning / Renal failure.
8. Muerhcke's line -
White parallel lines without furrowing on the nail.
Seen in Hypoalbuminemia.
9. Terry's nails -
Proximal portion of nail is white / pink , tip is reddish brown.
Seen in cirrhosis , CRF
10. Splinter hemorrhage -
Longitudinal Hemorrhage streaks under the nail seen in Infective endocarditis.
What a fun way to get nailed down 😂 Happy studying !
Stay awesome.
~ A.P.Burkholderia.
Hi everyone. Here's a short post highlighting drugs causing edema.
Remember : SWOLLEN
S - Steroids
W (V) - Vasodilator drugs
O - Oral Hypoglycemic drug - Glitazones
L - CycLosporine
L
E - Endocrine - Growth Hormone
N - NSAIDs
1. Steroids -
Due to the Mineralocorticoid action of reabsorbing the Sodium from the kidneys, they act as volume expanders.
2. Vasodilator drugs -
Especially CCB's like Amlodipine are known to cause this. Other Vasodilator drugs used for hypertension can also cause edema like Alpha Methyl dopa, Hydralazine, etc
3. Oral Hypoglycemic drug : Glitazones -
The Glitazones act on the PPAR gamma receptors. These receptors are also present in the kidneys and vascular system. They somehow modulate the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and also act on the level of blood vessels via PPAR receptors.
This is one of the reasons why they are c/i in Heart failure and Liver cirrhosis ( as they cause fluid overload).
4. Cyclosporine -
Reduces the GFR , thus more fluid retention.
5. Growth hormone. I don't understand why. Do tell me if you find out !
6. NSAIDs -
NSAIDs inhibit PG synthesis in kidneys causing renal vasoconstriction and this reducing the GFR.
This causes excess fluid accumulation eventually causing edema.
That's all!
Happy studying. Stay awesome. :)
~ A.P.Burkholderia
If croup crops up in the exam, here are some high yield points you should know:
Croup CROPS!
Corticosteroids
Racemic epinephrine
Oxygen
Parainfluenza virus
Seal barking cough
Stridor
Subglottic stenosis
Steeple sign
#TLDR
Parainfluenza virus type 1 is the most common cause of croup.
The onset of symptoms in laryngotracheitis is gradual, beginning with nasal irritation, congestion, and coryza. Fever, hoarseness, barking cough, and stridor usually develop during the next 12 to 48 hours.
In children with croup, a posterior-anterior chest radiograph demonstrates subglottic narrowing, commonly called the "steeple sign"
Children with croup are treated with dexamethasone, nebulized epinephrine and humidified oxygen depending on severity.
Remember, intubation is rarely required in croup, so think of other etiologies if the patient needs intubation.
That's all!
-IkaN
Hello folks,
This is a common post requested as to how to prepare for NEET PG exams.
And as to whether joining classes is really required to get a decent rank.
So today I will share with you a study schedule told to me by my professor. Which takes around 7 month hardcore prep.
Now for a general approach to it
1. Classes are not essential. Classes add only 20% to the entire PG prep of yours.. That's with like max optimum attention and taking down notes vigorously.
2. Don't read standard books. The competition is so high, that the publishers end up increasing the number of pages. Just to make the book more appealing. Reading those books is a waste of your time cause they repeat the explanations over and over again with unnecessary details which will make you take a month atleast to finish a subject like obstetrics.
The only decent book I found was modit khanna for medicine, like the initial pages of high yield notes and the questions and not the explanations. Don't read the explanations unless the answer is not known to you through the high yeild section.
3. Try getting your hands on class notes. Be it DAMS, Bhatia or IAMS. They are all amazing and to the point. And that's what is needed.
4. Get the NEET PG question booklet, by Arvind Arora. A minimum of last five years questions of NEET is a must to solve.
5. Never sit with a pen and a paper or a marker during your first read for any subject. You will end up marking the whole book and write unnecessary notes and wasting a lot of precious time. Save it for your second and third read or when you are confident enough that you know the flow of the subject and now just need to focus on details.
6. While reading if you have any doubts make a point to jot it down and find answers before sleeping or at the end of the week. But do solve them. Cause at the end just before exams these are the doubts that trouble you the most.
7. You need to score only a 75% aggregate to score a decent rank. Like to be in the top 3000. That is very much possible with a 7 month smart prep. For the the fight in between the top 3000 see the next para
8. Imagine yourself after a 24hr emergency duty, back to back and just next day you have to write theory paper of your uni exam.That's a near about situation of how mind stressed you are before neet.
Like it's 20 subjects..and you need to shift your focus from ophthalmology to psm in a matter of seconds. If you can't do that and if you waste your time even like an extra 5 mins on one question then you will be compromising the tail questions and that's when the stress gets to you. You keep looking at the timer and boom you black out.
A solution to this is you need to train your brain to deal with this situation. I have an aggregate of tips from medicowesome authors to deal with this.
- Solve the grand test. Just don't stick to one subject solving be as varied as possible. Like your best shot is solving 100 random questions every day doesn't matter if you know only 5subjects out of the 20, you only need to train your brain to deal with it.
- Solve the questions after an on call or after a very stressful day, give yourself the taste of it. So that your brain will be able to switch attentions during exams.
I feel the battle between the top 3000 rankers all comes down to who switched their attention between questions the fastest. The knowledge is the same it all matters that whether you were able to use it to your best or not.
9. Follow medicowesome :D
A bit cheeky but seriously it helps. Every now and then try reading the various posts. It will help you to condition your brain to all the subjects piece by piece.
10. A lot of questions are photo based. Try making your own picture library like jot down the things of pics you want to search for and look for it at the end of the day or the week end.
11. We don't promote apps and stuff but I would seriously advice downloading the pg prep app from Google play. It has stats to show your progress, daily exams, a 55 thousand question bank, photo questions, subject wise and grand test questions. It is amazing. Go ahead download it if you haven't and stick to it.
12. Have a way to destress yourself during the prep. Like be it running , movie, at a cafe or a novel.
Pg prep is a monotonous dumb thing to do , let's not lie to our selves -_-
You need to keep your engine at a steady pace so that you are able to fast track during the last month before your exam.
Like I personally read manga :D
Weekly updates were my solace and paradise. That's the way I treated myself after I had completed my schedule for the week.
I will upload a seven month prep schedule in part 2.
- Sakkan
Hi everyone ! So this is a short post on the Second Sight or the Myopic Shift seen in Cataract.
So in people who have a hypermetropic / presbyopic power , tend to experience a reduction in their refractive errors when Cataract starts to develop. This is called Myopic Shift or Second sight.
This occurs most commonly in nuclear cataracts. Now why this occurs is , the lens in early stages of Cataract undergoes sclerosis. That increases the Power of the lens ( this increases the refractive index).
Thus it makes the lens slightly more Powerful , or Convex. Due to this it acts as a correction for Hyperopia/ Presbyopia (Where the error was due to a weaker lens. )
This transient Myopic nature of the eye is called the Myopic Shift.
It does go away when the Cataract progresses as the sclerosis begins to reduce refractive surface in the lens.
Hope this helped! Stay awesome !
Happy Studying :)
~ A.P.Burkholderia