Research update : Genetic locus of Anorexia nervosa revealed

Hey Awesomites

A Research landmark study led by UN school of medicine has found the first genetic locus for the perplexing illness, anorexia nervosa. Previously it was known that this eating disorder runs in families with genetic and environmental factors both playing their role and there is ten - fold risk in first -degree relatives, but no particular association with a genetic locus was provided.

Thought to be associated with psychiatric disorders like neuroticism and schizophrenia, it has also been positively correlated with underlying metabolic abnormalities including body - mass index (BMI) and insulin - glucose metabolism. Genome - wide association studies ( GWAS ) have revealed a significant locus for anorexia nervosa on chromosome 12, in a region previously shown to be associated with type -1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune disorders. This means that this eating disorder shares common roots with metabolic and psychiatric traits !!

These results may help in reconceptualizing the underlying aetiology and pathogenesis of such a lethal disorder and also coming up with new treatment interventions to cure the disease.


Thats all
- Jaskunwar Singh

Treatment of erythema migrans in early Lymes disease

Hi.

Like the title suggests, this post is on treatment of erythema migrans in early Lymes disease.

For non pregnant adults and children ≥8 years of age with early Lyme disease: Doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime axetil.

Why is doxycycline preferred for most patients with early localized Lyme disease?

Because it is effective against both Lyme disease and human granulocytic anaplasmosis.

Children <8 years of age or pregnant women with early localized Lyme disease: Amoxicillin or cefuroxime axetil.

Doxycycline is not recommended for children under the age of eight years or for pregnant or lactating women. 

Why?

Because of severe adverse effects, including teratogenicity, permanent yellowish-brown teeth discoloration after in utero exposure and in children under 8 years of age and more rarely fatal hepatotoxicity reported in pregnant women.

That's all!
-IkaN

Dwarfism vs Cretinism

Hello Everyone,
   How do we differentiate between dwarfism and cretinism?
Just remember GIRL

G- Growth- Reduced in both
I- IQ- Normal in pituitary dwarfism and decreased in cretenism
R-Reproduction-Absent or delayed puberty in both
L-Limbs- Proportionate in Dwarfs and Disproportionate in cretins.
                (C follows D)(cretins have disproportionate limbs)

What are features seen in a cretin?
Remember 5P's

1. Pot-bellied
2. Pale
3. Puffy-faced child
4. Protruding umbilicus
5. Protuberant tongue

That's all,
Thank you,
Chaitanya Inge

Authors' diary: Cerebellar tumor location and associated symptoms

Hello!

In 2013, I wrote this anatomy mnemonic on parts of the cerebellum and their functions.

I was tested this fact in a question today and I got it right. Yaay! :D

The question asked about a tumor, expected to know the most common location of the tumor and then expected you to know the symptoms caused due to it's location. Ooooh!

Anyway, lemme summarize what you should know:

Medulloblastomas usually occur in the vermis and spare the cerebellar hemispheres - They are more likely to cause truncal ataxia.

Pilocytic astrocytomas occur in the cerebellar hemispheres - They are more likely to cause intention tremors.

Added by VM:
An ependymoma can also cause truncal ataxia just like medulloblastoma. Ependymoma can be differentiated by it's location, again. Being more common on the floor of fourth ventricle, it will irritate area postrema and cause vomiting. It can also cause CN 7, CN 10 and CN 12 palsies. 

It's funny how in your preclinical years, all you ask is, "WHY DO I HAVE TO LEARN THIS?" 
And in your clinical years, you are always like - I wish I took my first and second year seriously! :P

-IkaN

Treatment of restless leg syndrome mnemonic + notes

Hello!

This is a loooooong post on the treatment of restless leg syndrome. (Bear with me!)

Those who are just here for the mnemonic 

Mechanism of action of gabapentin and pregabalin

Gabapentin binds to which of the following receptors?
1. GABAA receptors
2. GABAB receptors
3. alpa2delta subunit of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels
4. NMDA receptors

Akathisia vs Restless legs syndrome

Hey guys, Ikan posted a clinical vignette based on this differentiation. So I did a little digging.

Both Akathisia and RLS can be caused due to antipsychotics, Akathisia goes more with typical ones and RLS with atypical ones.

Besides RLS has some other characteristic features:

1. Associated with dysesthesia originating in legs whereas in case of akathisia patient feels like it's originating in the central core of the body.

2. RLS has evening-predominance, it disturbs sleep of the patient as the patient jerks his legs during sleep which might be noted by his gf or wife.

3. There is positive family history in RLS.

4. RLS can be induced by other centrally acting drugs like Diphenhydramine, Citalopram, Clonazepam etc if there is a positive family history.

Treatment:

First intervention should always be reduction of dose of antipsychotics.

While RLS responds well to dopamine agonists like Pramipexol and Ropinirole, Akathisia responds well to Mirtazapine, a tetracyclic antidepressant. Although withdrawing the causative drug works the best.
According to latest clinical trial reports, The first line treatment of akathisia is propranolol, second line is Benztropine​ and if these doesn't work we resort to benzodiazepines.

That's all! You never stop learning.

-VM

Abdominal Aorta Mnemonic

Hello Everyone,
Lets discuss abdominal aorta.
Its a game of odd numbers. Following branches are present:

• 3 Anterior
• 3 Lateral visceral
• 3 Terminal
• 5 Lateral Abdominal

3 Anterior branches single include:

• Coeliac Trunk (T12)
• Superior Mesenteric Artery (L1)
• Inferior Mesenteric Artery (L3)

3 paired lateral Visceral:

•  Middle Suprarenal(L1)
• Renal (between L1 and L2)
• Gonadal (L2)

5 paired lateral abdominal

• 4 Lumbar arteries (respectively at L1 L2 L3 L4)
• Inferior phrenic (T12)

3 Terminal

• 2 Common Illiac (L4)
• Median Sacral (L4)

How to remember it? @_@
Counter Strike Is MR GLIC's Mastery. ^_^

Fun Facts:

• There are 3 suprarenal arteries ( again a odd number). The superior branch is derived from the inferior phrenic artery, the middle branch originates directly from the aorta, and the inferior branch comes off the renal artery.

• The fifth lumbar arteries on either side arise from the median sacral artery. 

     Click Here to see a beautiful flowchart submitted to us.

That's all,

Thank you 

Chaitanya Inge

Fact of the day : Testosterone administration impairs 'cognitive reflection' in men

Hey Awesomites

You must have tried solving brain teasers at some point of time.. right? Ok so how many of you tried to solve it right at that instant ( sensing your gut reaction ), but guessed it wrong? If so, you might be having loads of testosterone in your veins!

X-Linked Dominant Disorders.

Hello everybody!

Let's learn a quick way to remember a few important X-linked Dominant Disorders.

The mnemonic goes like:

All Hypo Pigmented Rats Have Resistant Rickets.

All - Alport Syndrome.
Hypo - Familial Hypophosphatemia.
Pigmented - Incontinentia Pigmenti.
Rats - Rett Syndrome.
Resistant​ Rickets - Vit.D Resistant Rickets.

X linked dominant disorders are rare pattern of inheritance.

All affected males will transmit it to all their daughters and all affected females will transmit the disease to 50% of her sons/daughters.

If you have another mnemonic on the same do share.

Let's learn Together!
-Medha.

Marfan syndrome - High Yield Information.

Hello everybody,
lets today briefly revise all the high yield points on Marfan syndrome.

Marfan syndrome is an example of structural protein disorder and with autosomal dominant inheritance, lets see what exactly goes wrong in this condition.

Etiopathogenesis:

There is a missense mutation seen in the fibrillin-1 gene located on the chromosome no.15.
So to understand the condition better, lets understand a bit about fibrillin.

Fibrillin forms the glycoprotein component of cellular microfibrils and also provides a scaffold for the elastin deposition.
Abundant fibrillin is found in the connective tissues of the aorta,ligaments and the eye, these are the structures predominantly affected in the disorder too.

The defective fibrillin leads to defective microfibril assembly intracellularly and reduced elasticity in connective tissues.
 Defective fibrillin also leads to decreased TGF-beta(Transforming growth factor ) sequestration, and excess of TGF-B hampers normal vascular smooth muscle development and matrix production.

Morphological Features:

1) Skeletal changes:
    Tall stature with long extremities.
     Long tapering fingers and toes.(Arachnodactyly)
     Hyperextensibility.
     Dolicocephaly.
     Kyphosis ans scoliosis.
     Pectus excavatum or Pigeon breast deformity.

2) Cardiovascular changes:
     Aortic regurgitation: Due to aortic cystic medial degeneration leading to valvular ring dilatation & valvular incompetence. Most threatening valvular lesion.
     Mitral valve prolapse : Most common valvular lesion.
     Aortic Dissections are the most common cause of death in these patients.

3) Occular changes:
    Ectopia Lentis: bilateral superotemporal dislocation of lenses.
    Retinal Detachment : due to increased axial length of the globe.

Diagnosis:

Currently Revised Ghent Criteria is used for the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome.
It considers:
Family history,
Cardinal Clinical Signs in absence of family history,
Presence or absence of Fibrillin Mutation.

so that's all on marfans syndrome.

Fun Fact:
We all have been hearing about some famous personalities with Marfan syndrome like Abraham Lincon and Michael Phelps, but Tutankhamen the 11th pharoh of 18th Egyptian Dynasty was diagnosed to be suffering from Marfan's Syndrome by a series of CT scans and DNA tests carried out on his MUMMY!

Do post any other interesting facts you know about Marfan's Syndrome.

Let's Learn Together!
-Medha!

Fact of the day: Psychiatric effects of steroids

Did you know corticosteroid therapy can cause depression, mania, psychosis, and delirium?

Why?

The mechanism by which the corticosteroid induces symptoms such as mania, depression, and psychosis is not clear.

The administration of prednisone is associated with decreased levels of corticotrophin, norepinephrine, and beta-endorphin in the cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, corticosteroids induce an increased release of glutamate that induces neuronal toxicity due to accumulation effect.

-IkaN

External cephalic version mnemonic

When should ECV be performed?

Light's criteria for exudative pleural effusion

Here's a mnemonic on Light's criteria for exudative pleural effusion.

Mnemonico diagnostico : Direct laryngoscopy in Laryngomalacia

Hey awesomites

Laryngomalacia is the most common congenital anomaly of the larynx characterised by excessive flaccidity of supraglottic larynx which results in inspiratory stridor and cyanosis.

Mnemonic for Direct laryngoscopy findings : FlOP

Fl - Floppy aryepiglottic folds
O - Omega- shaped epiglottis
P - Prominent arytenoids

- The short bands ( aryepiglottic folds ) cause the epiglottis to curl upon itself.
- Epiglottis is elongated and folded longitudinally to form an omega.
- Arytenoids are situated posteriorly and show prominence.

Also check out the mnemonic for differentiating laryngomalacia from tracheomalacia Here .


Thats all
- Jaskunwar Singh

Painful and painless genital ulcers mnemonic

Hey!

Today's post is about sexually transmitted pathogens that cause (painful and painless) genital ulcers.

Causes of painful genital ulcers:

Haemophilus ducreyi (the causative agent of chancroid)
Herpes simplex virus types I and II (HSV-1 and HSV-2)

Causes of painless genital ulcers:

Treponema pallidum (the causative agent of syphilis)
Klebsiella granulomatis (the causative agent of granuloma inguinale; also known as "Donovanosis")

Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1-3 (the causative agents of lymphogranuloma venereum; LGV)

And now, mnemonics for everybody! Wohhooo!

Fact of the day : Blood pressure should be measured in both arms

Hello

Measuring the blood pressure offers an important glimpse into the patient's health. In general practice, the readings are taken from left arm in right - handed patients and vice - versa.

But some healthy people can have slightly different numbers between arms - a huge difference signals a blockade or an abnormality !! The difference in systolic pressure between arms should not be greater than 5 points. ( Not one, but at least three recordings must be taken at three minute intervals and the one with lowest numbers is taken as the final reading. )

If the recordings in one arm are higher than the other, then that arm should be used for future measurements.

In young, it could sign a narrowing of the main artery ( coarctation of aorta ) or other congenital heart defects. In the elderly, it could be a sign of underlying atherosclerotic condition, or may be aortic dissection !! Note that in a woman with breast cancer who has had mastectomy and lymph nodes resection, the measurements are not to be taken in the arm on the side of mastectomy.

When to take the readings in both arms?
Well, not everytime obviously. But every once in a while should be okay.. may be once the patient is in his teens and then in his 40s or 50s.
( Source )

Thats all
- Jaskunwar Singh

Pathophysiology of hepatojugular reflux

Hello. Let's talk about the HJR today!

What is the hepatojugular reflux?

Distention of the neck veins when pressure is applied over the liver.

Fact of the day: Paradoxical agitation with benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines frequently are administered to patients to induce sedation.

Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines, characterized by increased talkativeness, emotional release, excitement, and excessive movement, are relatively uncommon and occur in less than 1% of patients.

The exact mechanism of paradoxical reactions remains unclear. 

It is important to be aware of this side effect because increasing the dose of benzodiazepine would worsen the condition.

Acalculous cholecystitis notes

Hello!

Let's learn about Acalculous cholecystitis today. These are my step 2 CK notes, made from UpToDate.

What is acalculous cholecystitis?

Acalculous cholecystitis is an acute necroinflammatory disease of the gallbladder with a multifactorial pathogenesis. It is typically seen in patients who are hospitalized and critically ill.

Clinical features:
In critically ill patients, the appearance of unexplained fever, leukocytosis, or vague abdominal discomfort may be the only sign of acalculous cholecystitis. Patients may also have jaundice or a right upper quadrant mass. Laboratory test abnormalities may include a leukocytosis or abnormal liver tests, but they are nonspecific.

Diagnosis: USG.

Why?
Advantages of ultrasonography are that it is noninvasive, can be done at the bedside, and has good sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing acalculous cholecystitis. In addition, ultrasonography may reveal alternative diagnoses (such as calculous cholecystitis). Thickening of the gallbladder wall is the most reliable feature seen in patients with acalculous cholecystitis.

Ultrasonographic features:
●Absence of gallstones or sludge
●Thickening of the gallbladder wall (>3 mm)
●Pericholecystic fluid
●Striated gallbladder
●A positive Murphy's sign induced by the ultrasound probe (may be absent in patients who are obtunded or sedated)
●Mucosal sloughing
●Gallbladder distension (>5 cm).

Treatment:
In patients with acalculous cholecystitis, we recommend the initiation of broad spectrum antibiotics as soon as blood cultures have been drawn.

Infection with enteric pathogens, including E. coli, E. faecalis, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus species, and Bacteroides is common.

Preferred surgery: Cholecystostomy rather than cholecystectomy.

Why?

Cholecystostomy is effective and is less invasive than cholecystectomy. (especially in critically ill patients.)

However, cholecystectomy should be performed if there are findings suggesting gallbladder necrosis, emphysematous cholecystitis, or perforation. Cholecystectomy is also a reasonable alternative in patients who are good surgical candidates.

That's all!
-IkaN

Medulla (Fun Mnemonic Diagrams)

Hello Everyone,
Today lets discuss sections of medulla. I remember them as three sisters!

Breast feeding and maternal cancer

Breast feeding decreases the risk of all of the following cancers in the mother EXCEPT:

Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Endometrial cancer

Fact of the day : Worrywarts have high verbal intelligence

Hey intelligent people
Here is another fact of the day post for you all ;p

Recent innumerous studies and research by scientists have confirmed the link between the 'worry mode' and high verbal IQ. People who are worrywarts may be better at addressing, analyzing and solving problems in situations by using language - based reasoning.

Obsessive worrying, rumination, and overthinking about situations and events is associated with more sharpening of your critical thinking skills and mental preparation for future scenarios.


Thats all
- Jaskunwar Singh

Fact of the day : Biopsy for atypical hyperplasia and risk of breast cancer

Hello

Women who have had breast biopsies in the recent past, that showed atypical hyperplasia, are at increased risk of breast cancer in the future. This is because of the changes in the breast that prompted the biopsies and not the biopsy itself, according to the Gail model of breast cancer risk assessment.

Moreover, high breast density (due to high fat diet and obesity) - individualised and as a modifiable risk factor itself, in combination with proliferative benign breast disease, increase the risk of cancer, but is relatively uncommon.

Source: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/105/14/1043.full.pdf

Thats all
- Jaskunwar Singh

Fact of the day: Lymphocytosis in pertussis

Why does pertussis cause lymphocytosis even though it is a bacteria?

Pertussis toxin (PT), from Bordetella pertussis, causes lymphocytosis.

Lymphocytosis is because of impaired entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes. 

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis mnemonic

Hello!

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis mnemonic:

Step 2 CK: Treatment of DVT notes

Here are my notes for Step 2 CK exam!

DVT treatment: Anticoagulation.

Duration: Minimum 3 months.

DVT with high risk of bleeding: IVC filter.

DVT in pregnancy, malignancy: LMW heparin.

Massive DVT: Thrombolysis / clot removal with anticoagulation.

DVT due to HIT: Stop heparin containing products. Start non heparin anticoagulation.

When should you hospitalize: Patients with massive DVT (eg, iliofemoral DVT, phlegmasia cerulea dolens), concurrent pulmonary embolism, a high risk of bleeding on anticoagulant therapy, comorbid conditions, or other factors that warrant in-hospital care. 

Notes from UpToDate:

Anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy for patients with acute lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

In patients with asymptomatic proximal DVT, we suggest anticoagulation identical to that for patients with symptomatic DVT.

Options include subcutaneous low molecular weight (LMW) heparin, subcutaneous fondaparinux, the oral factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban or apixaban, or unfractionated heparin (UFH).

Although there is agreement on the minimum length of time a patient with a first episode of DVT should be treated (ie, three months), the optimal length of time is not known.

Outpatient anticoagulation rather than inpatient therapy can be considered when patients are hemodynamically stable, have a low risk of bleeding, do not have renal insufficiency, and have a practical system in place at home for the administration and surveillance of anticoagulant therapy. It is not appropriate in patients with massive DVT (eg, iliofemoral DVT, phlegmasia cerulea dolens), concurrent pulmonary embolism, a high risk of bleeding on anticoagulant therapy, comorbid conditions, or other factors that warrant in-hospital care. 

For patients in whom anticoagulation is contraindicated or in whom the risk of bleeding is estimated to outweigh the risk of recurrent thromboembolism, we suggest the insertion of an IVC filter rather than no therapy.

For patients with active malignancy and pregnant women, we suggest that LMW heparin be selected as the initial and long-term anticoagulant of choice rather than other agents.

For patients with massive iliofemoral DVT or phlegmasia cerulea dolens with symptoms for <14 days and good functional status, we suggest systemic or catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy, and/or clot removal (eg, catheter extraction, catheter fragmentation, surgical thrombectomy) rather than anticoagulation alone.

For patients with a DVT and a diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), all forms of heparin should be discontinued and immediate anticoagulation with a non-heparin anticoagulant started.

Extra: For select patients with isolated distal DVT (eg, those at high risk of bleeding, negative D-dimer level, asymptomatic or minor symptoms, without risk factors for extension, and/or minor thrombosis of the muscular veins), we suggest surveillance with serial ultrasound over a two-week period rather than anticoagulation. Those who exhibit signs of thrombus extension should be anticoagulated. 

That's all!
-IkaN

Trypanosma mnemonic

This one will help you in having a fair idea about the linking of Trypanosoma species with the diseases caused and the vectors associated.

1. T. cruzi- American Chaga's disease.

Americans have big fat freeways on which they love to cruise in their cars. Also,if you are into automobiles, you can remember the car 'Cruze'
from Chevrolet, the American carmaker.

The vector is reduviid(kissing) bug. Do I need to say more?!

2. T.brucei-  This one is full of the phonetic 'sa' in it- T. brucei causes sleeping sickness with the vector being the tsetse fly!

That's all!

-Sushrut Dongargaonkar

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia mnemonic

Hey, do you know a way to remember the Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and it's enzyme deficiencies?

It's the same mnemonic that everyone uses:

The 1 looks like an up arrow for increase

First digit for blood pressure
Second digit for sex hormones

11 hydroxylase deficiency:

1 - BP - High (Hypertension) 

1 - Sex steroids - High (Virilization in females) 

21 hydroxylase deficiency:

2 - BP - Low (Hypotension)

1 - Sex steroids - High (Virilization in females)

17 hydroxylase deficiency:

1 - BP - High (Hypertension) 

7 - Sex steroids - No increase

There was a point in my life where I forgot which digit stood for what. I have a mnemonic for that as well... It's a vulgar mnemonic.

I think of erection, first the blood goes into the corpora cavernosa and then the penis is erect. I remember the sequence of digits by - "First comes the blood, then comes the boner."
First digit - BP
Second digit - sex steroids

An easier alternative submitted by Dev:
Just remember AT
A - Aldosterone

T - Testosterone

I modified it to cat.

Meow. 

-IkaN 

The basics: Lesions of Spinal Cord

Here is a basics video on Spinal cord with mnemonics for first year med students by Chaitanya Inge. Enjoy :)

Felix and Dreyer's tube mnemonic

The tubes used for serological diagnosis of typhoid are frequently asked and it takes many bungling to get the answer right. Here's a mnemonic which may come handy-

1. Felix tube- Short round bottomed which detects the 'O' antigen.
Remember the round bottom and round shape of the letter 'O'.

2. Dreyer's tube- Narrow, conical bottomed one which detects the 'H' antigen
Deserts are 'dry' and pyramids, which resemble cones are in the deserts of Egypt. Hence, conical bottomed Dreyer's tube. The letter 'H' is not round, so, it is this antigen which this tube detects.

Revise this mnemonic more than once so you get it clearly what's what.

-Sushrut Dongargaonkar

Episiotomy indications : Mnemonic

Hi everyone.
Posted in Ob-Gyn now. Let's just say it's not a lot of fun looking at diseased hoo-hoo's.
Just kidding.

Here's a Mnemonic for the absolute indications of Episiotomy.

Remember : PPPP

1. Perineum is rigid
2. Perineum has been operated on. (For Prolapse, stress urinary incontinence , etc)
3. Procedures are to be used. (Like Ventouse or Forceps)
4. Position / Presentation are abnormal. (Like Breech , face to pubis, shoulder dystocia , macrosomia)

The other indications which are non-absolute include :
- Maternal exhaustion
- Preterm/ post mature baby
- Trial of labour.

So I hope this didn't tear you up. (Pun intended).
Happy studying !
Stay awesome.
~ A.P.Burkholderia

Fact of the day: Shoulder dislocation

An anterior shoulder dislocation is usually caused by a blow to the abducted, externally rotated, and extended arm (eg, blocking a basketball shot).

Violent muscle contractions following a seizure or electrocution represent the most common causes of posterior shoulder dislocation.

Acute Kidney Injury due to Anticancer drugs

Hey guys, there are multiple causes of acute kidney injury in a cancer patient, namely sepsis, metastasis, tumor lysis syndrome, etc. But there is another reason which we often overlook, which is drug-induced.

1. Thrombotic microangiopathy: Associated with agents targeting vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), eg., Ranibizumab, Bevacizumab. These drugs also block the angiogenesis in the glomerular vasculature, such that the injured endothelium isn't replaced, leading to multiple foci of platelet aggregations just like in TTP and HUS.

2. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: Associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors are the most common and are frequently associated with acute kidney injury.

3. Acute Interstitial Nephritis:
The checkpoint inhibitors ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab activate host T cells to enhance tumor killing by preventing tumor ligand binding to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed death 1 receptors, which deactivate T cells. However, this effect causes loss of self-tolerance (and perhaps tolerance to other drugs), leading to various forms of autoimmune injury, including acute interstitial nephritis, which is associated with moderate-to-advanced-stage acute kidney injury.

That's all!

-VM

Submissions: Syndromes associated with pheochromocytoma

Submitted by Vivek on the study group =)

Gross motor milestones mnemonic

Hello!

In this video, I talk about gross motor milestones from the age one to five years of age.

Source: Nelsons textbook of pediatrics.

Mumps complications mnemonic

Here's a short post on complications of Mumps!

Here's Jaskunwar Singh's mnemonic on comps of mumps. It's more extensive, mine just covers the important stuff. 

M - Meningitis

U - Urogenital infection (Orchitis, Oophoritis)

M - Male infertility

P - Pancreatitis

S - Salivary glands affected 

Also more M's:

M - Miscarriage in pregnant women (12 - 16 weeks)

M - Myocarditis

That's all!
-IkaN 

Maternal factors for IUGR mnemonic

Hello

The maternal factors that increase the risk of Intrauterine Growth Restriction ( IUGR ) in unborn babies ( small - for - dates ) include : MATERNAL RISK

M - Malnutrition / Multiparity
A - Anaemia ( severe )
T - Toxaemias of pregnancy
E - Excess physical activity
R - Raised blood pressure
N - Narrow birth spacing
A - Alcohol intake ( excess ) / Age ( young )
L - Low socio - economic scale

R - Recreational drug use
I - Infections
S - Smoking / Short stature
K


Thats all
- Jaskunwar Singh

Kangaroo mother care mnemonic

Hello

Components of Kangaroo mother care mnemonic : Baby Kangaroo HOPS in its mother's pouch ;p

H - Healthy diet provision ( breast - feeding )
O - Outpatient care ( due to early discharge )
P - Positioning of baby close to mother's chest
S - Support to mother and family


Thats all
- Jaskunwar Singh

Uric acid and struvite stones mnemonic

Well, urine is largely water which *can* be considered as transparent. That's why, uric acid stones don't show up on X-rays.

Struvite or triple phosphate stones have Proteus has the causative factor. Remember p for p

That's all!

-Sushrut Dongargaonkar

Drugs causing gingival hyperplasia mnemonic

Hello!

It's important to know drugs causing hypertrophy of the gums for exam purposes.

Auditory Transduction simplified

Basics of auditory transduction simplified by Chaitanya Inge in his first awesome video! Check it out! :D

Pigment producing mycobacteria mnemonic

There are these two mycobacteria which produce pigments- M. gordonae and M. szulgai in the dark. How to remember them?

1. A garden contains flowers which
are colourful. So you can remember M. gordonae that way.

2. Szulgai matches 'Nilgai' which is an Indian local word for the Indian
bluebuck/Indian blue bull. So the  involvement of a color in the name can be correlated with pigment production.

That's all!

-Sushrut Dongargaonkar
   

Addisons disease mnemonic

Hey!
Do you have a mnemonic for adrenal insufficiency?

Cryptococcus neoformans notes and mnemonics

Hello!

This post is on cryptococcus neoformans.

Easy way to memorise Organ of Corti

Hello Everyone!

               Here is a easy way to memorise the Organ of Corti structure.

We've also upload a video explaining the same. Check it out =) 

Thank you,

Chaitanya Inge

Beta blocker intoxication

Hello!
This is a short blog on beta blocker
intoxication.

Beta blockers acting on beta receptors have wide range of actions and uses.

Most common complication of beta blocker overuse is Cardiovascular depression like hypotension and bradycardia, impaired atrioventricular functions.
Can we give adrenergic drugs to reverse this action?
No, we can't .
Prolong use of beta blockers leads to upregulation of the beta receptors. Beta Agonists will further aggravate the adrenergic actions.
Which may cause tachycardia even arrhythmias.
Even Atropine is inconsistent in reversing the side effects

So the alternative used is Glucagon -
It stimulates cAMP synthesis independently of beta adrenergic receptors.
It has positive ionotropic and chronotropic action, thus it reverses the cardiovascular depression without causing tachycardia or other adrenergic effects.

It can also be used in calcium channels blocker overuse.
Glucagon therapy still dont have enough evidence to prove its efficiency.

Hence Judicious use of drugs is must.
Stay awesome!

~Khush

Effects of cholinergics and anticholinergics on the bladder mnemonic

In this video I talk about:

Cholinergics, bethanechol, diabetes mellitus, denervation and overflow incontinence.

Anticholinergics, oxybutynin, urge incontinence.

And mnemonics. Enjoy!

Risperidone mechanism of action mnemonic

Hello! This post is about the atypical antipsychotic - Risperidone!

Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic that has affinity for D2, 5-HT2A, alpha 1, alpha 2 and H1 receptors.

The mechanism of action of risperidone is not fully understood, current theories focus mainly on its ability to block D2 and 5-HT2A receptors.

Hard time remembering this? I've got a solution!

IPC 176 177 178 179 mnemonic

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