Hey!
I'm clearly doing a lot of notes + mnemonic posts. Here's another one on Langerhans cell histiocytosis!
Langerhans lingers
L - Lytic lesion of bones
I - Diabetes Insipidus
N - Nil
G - Eosinophilic Granulomas
E - Exophthalmos
R - Rrrrr.... :P
S - Skin rash
From study group:
Any mnemonic for Hand Schuller Christian disease?
Mnemonic by IkaN: Hands LIE
Lytic bone lesions
Insipidus (Diabetes Insipidus)
Exophthalmos
Mnemonic by Dev: CDE
Calavarial skull defect
Diabetes insipidus
Exophthalmos
Disclaimer: It's a morbid mnemonic. If you are sensitive and religious, don't read it.
Mnemonic by Vinayak: Jesus CHRIST was killed by hammering nails into his HAND, he DIed, his hands' bone got LYSED and we celebrate EXmas:
For calvarial skull defects, you know, wood was also hammered into his head. DI is diabetes insipidus. EX is exophthalmos.
That's all!
-IkaN
So basically, ECG is an electrical representation of heart activity on ECG paper.
Here are some important postulates of ECG paper:
The needle of galvanometer travels 300 big squares in 1 minute or 60 seconds.
That makes 0.2 seconds for each big square.
In turn each big square is divided into 5 small boxes /squares.
So we get each small box counting about
0.04 seconds.
So let's review all calculations:
1 Big square = 0.2 seconds.
1 small square = 0.04 seconds.
Each P wave travels about 2 and 1/2 small squares making upto 0.1 second.
The segment PQ (Sometimes we use PR) again takes 2 and 1/2 small squares making upto 0.1 second.
QRS complex used another 2 and 1/2 small squares making another 0.1 second.
While S-T segments uses 10 small squares forming using 0.4 seconds.
Note: We normally consider 2 and 1/2 small squares but there can be 2 or 3 small squares.
~Ojas
Here's another notes + mnemonic post on Friedreichs Ataxia
Genetic stuff:
- Due to mutated frataxin gene
- GAA trinucleotide repeats
- Autosomal recessive
- Mitochondrial iron accumulation due to loss of iron transporter coded by frataxin gene results in oxidized intramitochondrial iron accumulation.
Clinical stuff:
- Cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of death in FA. Cardiomegaly, conduction defects, murmurs, fibrosis are seen.
- Musculoskeletal abnormalities like foot deformities (Hammer toe, pes cavus, pes equinovarus) and scoliosis is seen.
- Diabetes mellitus is seen in 20% of patients
Neurologic stuff:
- Nystagmus
- Titubation
- Dysarthria
- Dysmetria
- Ataxia of trunk and limb movements.
- Loss of proprioception and vibratory sense.
- Extensor plantar response, absence of deep tendon reflexes and weakness is found.
That's all!
Stuff.
-IkaN
Mnemonic: Friedreichs FRIEDS!
Duodenal atresia
Hey!
In this post, I wanted to emphasize duodenal atresia is associated with double bubble sign.
It's common in Downs syndrome and polyhydramnios maybe seen in utero.
Bilious vomiting is seen because the obstruction is after the ampulla of Vater.
Because the child is vomiting, abdominal distension is not seen.
That's all!
I need sleep right now.
-IkaN
Hi everyone! I'm back with a note. This time on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's).
This is a crisp summary of what we need to know about them as Doctors or Health Care Practitioners (in any part of the world). They're so important that a major chunk of the Coldplay concert in Mumbai was based on them. (And every other person spoke about them. How Magic-al).
And they're Also very important for the Community Medicine students from India. So here goes :
SDG's were adopted by nations of the world on 25th September, 2015 to be achieved till 2030.
They want to do 3 P's.
End Poverty,
Bring Prosperity to all and
Protect the planet.
A. The important Health related Goals :
(Mnemonic by our IkaN)
pH HE EWE
(HE EWE as in Adam and Eve)
1 Poverty
2 Hunger
3 Health care
4 Education
5 Equality
6 Water
7 Energy
B. Goal 3: Ensure Healthy lives and Promote Well Being.
Targets
Remember: BAMS VIP
Baby Adult Mother Sex.
(OR : Adult and Mother have Sex to get Baby)
Vaccine. Infections. Pollution.
Baby:
- Neonatal Mort - has 12 letters , so to be reduced to less than 12 by 2030.
- Under 5 Mortality Rate - 5*5 = 25. So less than 25 by 2030
Adult:
- Decrease the burden of NCDs to one third of present.
- Mental health burden to be reduced. Tobacco control.
- Drug abuse to be tackled.
Mother:
- Maternal Mortality to less than 70 per 1 lakh world wide.
Sex:
- Sexual health and reproductive health strengthening.
Vaccines:
- Promote and develop.
Infections:
- Tackle TB HIV Malaria Other tropical diseases Diarrheal diseases.
Pollution:
- Air, Water, Soil, Noise pollution to be tackled.
Kudos to IkaN who helped me out of this tough spot. This was a life saver and you're the best :* :)
Hope this helps everyone.
Until next time.
~A.P.Burkholderia
Hello!
In this post, I'll talk on how to to differentiate transient synovitis from septic arthritis.
Transient arthritis is non specific inflammation of the synovium, related to infection or trauma.
Septic arthritis is bacterial infection of the synovium of the joint.
Modified Kochers criteria can help distinguish the two.
Fever > 38.5
ESR > 40 mm/hr
WBC > 12,000 cells/mL
CRP > 20 mg/dL
Inability to bear weight on the affected limb
More the criteria, more likely the child has septic arthritis.
Here's a mnemonic for modified Kochers criteria: FEW Can Bear Kocher!
Fever, ESR, WBC, CRP, weight bearing.
Acute transient synovitis is the most common cause of painful hip in a child younger than 10 years. It is a diagnosis of exclusion and can mimic Osteoarthritis, Legg Calve Perthes disease, SCFE.
Treatment: Rest, anti inflammatory agents.
That's all!
-IkaN
Hello!
Here are my notes + a mnemonic
Congenital myotonic dystrophy
- Autosomal Dominant
- CTG trinucleotide repeat
- Genetic anticipation seen
- Hypotonia "floppy infant"
- Hollowing of temporal bones
- Tenting of upper lip
- Respiratory muscle weakness
- Arthrogryposis
- Posterior subcapsular cataracts (Subcapsular spokes in stellate conformation)
Juvenile myotonic dystrophy
- Facial and upper body weakness (Hatchet face due to temporalis, masseter, facial muscle atrophy; frontal baldness)
- Inability to relax muscle (Sustained grip)
- Cardiomyopathy
- Heart block
- Congestive heart failure
- Intellectual impairment
- Gonadal atrophy
- Posterior subcapsular cataracts
- Thenar, hypothenar muscle atrophy (Myotonia evident on percussion)
- Tongue depression
- Dementia
That's all!
Be kind.
-IkaN
Hello! Here are my notes + mnemonic on HSP.
IgA-mediated vasculitis of small vessels (IgA and C3 in skin, renal glomeruli, and gastrointestinal tract).
Most common cause of nonthrombocytopenic purpura in children.
Usually follows an upper respiratory infection.
Clinical features are:
Maculopapular rash below waist (Progresses to petechiae to palpable purpura).
Abdominal pain.
Arthritis.
Glomerulonephritis.
That's all!
-IkaN
3 month old baby with history of honey intake (Given by grandpa) presents with constipation, feeding difficulty, hypotonia. What is the cause of the baby's symptoms?
1. Ingestion of preformed toxin
2. Ingestion of pesticide
3. Ingestion of bacterial spore
4. Bacterial infection of the meninges
5. Urinary tract infection
Answer given below:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
If you picked 1, you're wrong.
Infant botulism is caused by botulinium spores in honey, corn syrup that germinate and multiply in the intestinal tract and produce toxin.
Adult botulism is caused by ingestion of preformed toxin.
I just wanted to make that point clear. And emphasize how tricky any exam can get with word play.
Don't stress.
That's all! =)
Oh and the answer is 3.
-IkaN
Supracondylar fracture of the humerus
- Transverse fracture of the distal part of the humerus.
- Bruises of anterior elbow (Proximal fragments buttons through the brachialis muscle)
- Posterior fat pad sign is seen in non displaced fracture of the humerus.
IMPORTANT: Assess radial and ulnar pulses because brachial artery can be compromised.
That's all!
-IkaN
"Selena Gomez and Ke$ha both are young and have big hearts."
Selenium deficiency causes Keshan disease which is cardiomyopathy in young children. Also, singers like to dye their hair (Loss of hair pigment is seen in Selenium deficiency aka Keshan disease).
Submitted by Krutika.
Interesting fact: Keshans disease is thought to be caused by Selenium deficiency and coxsackie virus. It's common in places where selenium content in soil is low (China).
That's all!
Thanks Krutika for the mnemonic =)
-IkaN
Brain abscess notes
Here's what I studied =)
Causes
- Direct spread (Paranasal sinusitis, otitis media, mastoiditis, dental infection)
- Head trauma or surgical procedure
- Hematogenous spread (Pneumonia, endocarditis)
Organisms:
- Streptococci
- Bacteroides
- Pseudomonas
- Hemophilus
- Enterobacteriaceae
- MRSA (Head trauma, neurosurgical procedure)
Symptoms:
- Headache > 75% patients
- Fever only in 50% patients (Important: Absence of fever should not exclude the diagnosis)
- Focal neurologic deficits > 60% patients
- Other symptoms - Papilledema, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, confusion
Hemiparesis - Frontal lobe abscess
Dysphasia - Temporal lobe abscess
Nystagmus, ataxia - Cerebellar abscess
Neuroimaging:
- MRI is better than CT.
- Ring enhancing lesion with surrounding edema on neuro imaging studies is seen.
- Most accurate: Brain biopsy
High yield: Biopsy is essential to distinguish brain abscess from cancer and also to determine the precise organism.
Don'ts: Do NOT do a LP. CSF analysis doesn't contribute to diagnosis or therapy. Increases the risk of herniation.
Extra: Abscesses due to Listeria have blood culture positive > 85% of the time.
Differentials:
- Meningitis
- Meningoencephalitis
- Brain tumors (Cancer can give fever)
Treatment:
- Empirical antibiotics should be modified after results of gram stain and culture.
- Surgical drainage.
- Prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy (High risk [>35%] of seizures)
- Glucocorticoids are reserved for substantial periabscess edema and mass effect due to increased ICP.
- Serial MRI or CT scan monthly to document resolution of abscess.
That's all!
-IkaN
Recently, while studying pharmacology, I came to know about the third system of ANS - Enteric nervous system, apart from sympathetic and parasympathetic systems .
Here is some information of ENS:
It consists of highly organized neurons situated in the wall of GI tract.
It mainly includes Auerbach's plexus and Meissner's plexus.
The most interesting point about ENS is this network receives preganglionic fibers from the parasympathetic system and from postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
ENS controls GI motility, secretions, mucosal blood flow.
ENS causes relaxation or stimulation of smooth muscles.
Non-cholinergic excitatory transmitters such as substance - P plays a modulatory role in controlling ENS!
~Ojas
Hello. How are you awesomites?
Let's talk about scarlet fever today!
Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is characterize by exudative pharyngitis, fever and scarlatiniform rash.
It's caused by erythrogenic toxin producing GABHS (Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococci)
Characterized by:
- Fever, headache
- Sore throat, circumoral pallor
- Sandpaper rash (Pinpoint, erythematous blanchable papules), erythema trunk, pastia lines
- Lymphadenopathy
Diagnosis:
- Rapid antigen detection test is specific, but not sensitive.
- If it is negative, do throat culture.
- Elevated ASO, DNAse maybe seen.
Treatment:
- Treatment as long as 9 days after the onset of symptoms prevents rheumatic fever.
- Oral penicillin, amoxicillin for 10 days.
- Cephalosporins, macrolides are alternatives. (Penicillin resistant group A staphylococcus doesn't exist.)
- If adherence problem, intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.
That's all!
The only fever I have is for Scarlett Johansson =P
-IkaN
It is a condition that develops when Rh-negative women is pregnant with Rh-positive baby .
It causes phagocytosis of the fetus's RBC's (Baby inherits Rh positive antigen from father ).
As mother is Rh-negative , exposure to fetus's antigen causes development of anti-Rh agglutinins .
These agglutinins(mostly IgG antibody ) diffuse through the placenta and enters fetus blood cells and leads to phagocytosis of the RBCs ,which leads to release of hemoglobin into blood !Then fetus's macrophages converts the hemoglobin into bilirubin ,which causes baby skin to become yellow(jaundiced).Although the severe form of anemia is responsible for many deaths of infants ,many children who barely survive the anemia exhibit permanent mental impairment , because of precipitation of bilirubin in the neuronal cells ,causing destruction of many cells , condition known as Kernicterus
It usually doesn't affect the first child ,since sensitization occurs during parturition.However ,if Rh-negative mother was sensitized earlier with Rh antigen then first child can get affected .
Treatment:
1)One treatment of HDNF is to replace the neonate's blood with Rh-negative blood .About 400ml of Rh negative blood is infused over a period of 1.5 or more hours ,while neonate's own blood is removed,the process may be repeated several times during the first week of life ,to prevent Kernicterus .
Prevention:
Anti-D antibody is administered to the expectant mother ,starting at 28-30 weeks of gestation.The anti -D antibody is also administered to Rh-negative women who deliver Rh -positive babies to prevent sensitization of the mothers to the D antigen .This greatly reduces the risk of developing large amounts of D antibodies during second pregnancy !
~ojas
Features of contrast induced nephropathy
- Due to iodinated contrast agents (Other agents that cause AKI: Gadolinium for MRI, sodium phosphate solutions as purgatives)
- Prevented by use of non ionic contrast agents, IV hydration, acetyl cysteine.
- Serum Creatinine rises 24-48 hours after exposure. Resolves in a week.
- FeNa low, benign urinary sediment.
- Risk increases in CKD, Diabetic nephropathy, multiple myeloma.
Analgesic nephropathy
Characterized by:
Renal insufficiency
Papillary necrosis
Due to:
Toxic drug levels in inner medulla
Causes chronic tubulointerstitial damage
Results from papillary ischemia due to vasoconstriction of medullary blood vessels (vasa recta)
Caused by:
Phenacetin containing preparations
Aspirin
Caffeine
Symptoms:
Polyuria (Due to impaired concentrating ability)
NAGMA (Due to tubular damage)
Hematuria (Due to sloughed necrotic papilla)
Sterile pyuria and WBC casts may also be seen
Ureteric colic, obstruction (Due to sloughed necrotic papilla)
At increased risk of:
Premature aging
Atherosclerotic vascular disease
Urinary tract cancer
That's all!
-IkaN
I am gonna put radial nerve in the simplest form mostly including mnemonics how to learn it's huge muscles supply!
Remember when you were in 1st year and how these nerves used to test your patience?! Let's make it easy.
-Nerve root: C5-T1
-Sensory nerve supply:
Skin of dorsal surface of forearm
Lateral side of the dorsal part of palm
Lateral 3 & 1/2 digits
-Motor nerve supply:
(It supplies extensor compartment)
Here is mnemonic
S: Supinator.
I: Extensor indices.
D: Extensor Digitorum.
B: Brachioradialis.
A: Anconeus.
T: Triceps.
C: Extensor carpi radialis longus.
C: Extensor carpi radialis brevis .
A: Anconeus.
P: Extensor pollicis brevis.
P: Extensor pollicis Longus.
CU: Extensor carpi ulnaries.
ED: Extensor digiti minimi.
So mnemonic is
SID (C)CAP(P) (Read it as cap!) BAT Cu-ed.
Remember:
Cu = Extensor carpi ulnaris (Supplied by radial nerve not ulnar nerve as it is extensor muscle)
~ Ojas
Safia made a mnemonic of TTP and sent it to Medicowesome, hoping it would help someone. So sweet!
Treatment of TTP: CART
C: corticosteroids
A: asprin
R: rituximab
T: transfusion
In emergency situations, transfuse blood first!
Thanks Safia.
-IkaN
Here is one of the mnemonics which I made to remember types of cranial nerves
1)Olfactory -Sensory
2)Optic. -Sensory
3)Occulomotor-Motor
4)Pathetic(Trochlear)-Motor
5) Trigeminal-Mixed
6)Abducens-Motor
7)Facial-Mixed
8) Auditory-Sensory
9) Glossopharyngeal-Mixed
10)Vagus-Mixed
11)Spinal accessory-Motor
12) Hypoglossal-motor
"Some say marry money but my brother says beautiful bride matters more!"
S-Sensory ;M-Motor ;B-Both (Mixed)
~Ojas
BISHOPS
B = Bleeding disorder .
I = Intracranial Hemorrhage.
S = Stroke past 3 months .
H = Head injury past 3 months .
O =Oesophageal varices.
P = Pregnancy.
S =Surgery.
Made by: Khushboo shaikh
Written by: Ojas gite
